Education and Saudi females

Education and Saudi females Literature Review It is apparent that acquiring education has become more of a basic need than just a stage that one has to pass through while growing. The value of education can never be underestimated since it influences all aspects of a person’s life. Basic definitions of education need to be examined carefully so that this important element may be incorporated. According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, education is known to have a varying contextual meaning.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Education and Saudi females specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Education can be described as â€Å"the action or process of educating or being educated; also: a stage of such a process† (Merriam Webster dictionary, 2011 p. 87). In order to be to make a sound discussion, education has been treated as a transformational process which equips people in life. This paper is a review of literature on education among Sa udi females. It is a comprehensive review which illustrates how education is viewed differently in various parts of the world. This has been done by examining Saudi females and the processes of acquiring and using education. Education affects all areas of life. It can be argued out to be a tool which equips people’s minds to face the real world (Sedgwick, 2001). It is quite easier for educated folk to face the reality of life than those who are not educated (Hamdan, 2005). Hence, knowledge and information empower people by making them more resourceful in their respective communities. Besides, information is more enriching than any other achievable treasure (Elliott, 2008). This literature review makes a concerted effort to explore all significant factors of education in Saudi Arabia. It expounds on the influence of backgrounds, current and future state of education in Saudi Arabia. It also elaborates several aspects which impact girls’ education in the region. It is wo rth mentioning that this paper examines the history to female education and the challenges that females encounter in their pursuit of education. Context of education in Saudi Arabia An examination of the history of females’ educational activities in the competitive system in Saudi Arabia is pivotal. It is an informative approach which explains the current status of the education system. Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932. The ministry of education in Saudi Arabia was established in 1952 (Wilson Graham, 1994). At this time, both males and females were allowed to study through one of the three options available. Males were offered general education or traditional Islamic education, while females were only offered general education (Sedgwick, 2001). In the general education stream, males and females were taught the same curriculum and sat for the same examinations. A mandate was given to this Saudi agency which had a role of ensuring social welfare for all citizens.Advertising Looking for thesis on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ministry of education oversaw boys’ education (Wilson Graham, 1994). The placing of girl education under the jurisdiction of the General Presidency for Girls’ Education might seem to be contradictory and probably trigger thoughts of discrimination from rationally mature readers. The fact that Saudi Arabia was, and remains an Islamic nation, accounts for why the girl child was educated in accordance to Islamic values. This could not be an issue of contention. Human beings develop well when they are given a chance to follow the norms of their society (Jerichow, 1998).Women had enough space to pursue education. It is worth noting that between 1970 and 1982, there were 11 colleges established exclusively for women to pursue bachelor’s degrees. Some of the colleges had the capacity to offer masters degrees in â€Å"education, science , humanities and social work† (Sedgwick, 2001). One of the colleges offered doctorate studies in education (Sedgwick, 2001). The charts below (chart 1 and 2) show the progress of girls’ education in Saudi Arabia from 1974/5 compared to 2004/5. Chart 1 Chart 2Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Education and Saudi females specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By 2003, Saudi Arabia had the lowest literacy rate (62%) among the Gulf nations (Al-Khalifa, 2009). However, the literacy rates of men and women were 72% and 50% respectively (Al-Khalifa, 2009). Taking into consideration the rates of literacy of men and women (15% and 2% respectively) in 1970, it is clear that the literacy levels have continuously been improved though females continue to lag behind males. It is expected that by 2015, the rates will be much higher if the trends are to continue (Hamdan, 2005). It can be considered that the discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia in 1930 was an important input towards the development of education. It was used in creating a pool of funds for schools to be set up across the nation. The discovery of oil in the nation is also highly associated with much of the changes associated with women and their education. Of great impact was the establishment of the ARAMCO (Arabian American Oil Company) which brought many American families working with the companies to Saudi Arabia in 1970s. Schools had to be built to educate the children of ARAMCO employees (Jerichow, 1998). This was a remarkable economic development. It proved to highly influential to the Saudi people. They got a consistent source of income to continue funding their education. Numbers of scholars grew accordingly. More women enrolled in schools since conditions became more favorable. Modernization has had an impact on the education of Saudi people. Women in Saudi Arabia have been changed accordingly. It has a highly felt impact to the gen eral Saudi Arabian society (Hamdan, 2005). The effect of placing the girl’s education under the jurisdiction of the General Presidency for Girls’ Education can be said to have altered the way girls and women in general viewed education. Challenges Confronted The kind of information that one is exposed to determines the ability of such a person (Ramady, 2010). As much as the Saudi Arabian education system was established as early as the 1950s, one may want to argue that it has been more of a psychological conditioning for the females. The case may be so because students were given a training which mastered their way of living. They were directed towards a behavior which concurred with societal norms (Farlex, 2011). Psychological conditioning can be defined as â€Å"a process of behavior modification in which a subject is encouraged to behave in a desired manner through positive or negative reinforcement, so that the subject comes to associate the pleasure or displeasur e of the reinforcement with the behavior† (Farlex, 2011). The conditioning of females in education to fit set measures is one of the biggest challenges to their education.Advertising Looking for thesis on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hamdan (2005) noted that girls’ education should not necessarily be streamlined to educate girls into domestic roles as â€Å"good mothers, nurses or teachers†. There were numerous of such cases in girls’ education and thus females who went through the education system became mothers, r teachers or nurses. Technically, by not being empowered educationwise, they were barred from the pursuit of most other areas of interest. The effect of this kind of conditioning has not been well documented. However Hamdan (2005) notes that it is not a highly preferred system of education. Negative Perception towards Education Though there is a clear indication that the government is willing to support girls’ education, there are also many indicators that the efforts being put in place are too little to create any difference and may just elicit negative perception towards female education (Budhwar Mellahi, n.d.). It is notable that despite the various pieces of legislatio n that are in place, women are still not entitled to fair and equal treatment just like men. This has been due to attitude of the society AlMunajjed (n.d.) The net effect that this kind of treatment has on girls and women is the creation of a negative perception towards education for females. Lack of Self Confidence Early marriages are still practiced in Saudi Arabia whereby young girls are normally married off to older men. In most cases, women perceive this as an act of degrading their self image and it reduces their self confidence. Early marriages inhibit young girls from pursuing their education further (AlMunajjed, n.d.). The system of educating boys and girls differently also contributes to degrading the self confidence of girls. Numerous complaints have been aired in regard to the resources that are usually allocated for female education (AlMunajjed, n.d.). It has been alleged that resources allocated for girls’ education are less when compared to those of boys. For e xample, evidence has shown that teaching staff posted to the boys’ schools are often of higher qualifications when compared to those in girl schools. This represents outright discrimination and it is a clear indication that females are not as worthy for investing in (Hamdan, 2005). When critically examined, this is a degradation of the female dignity and which in the long run erodes the self confidence of females (Jerichow, 1998). Lack of Role Models in Education Due to the nature of education in Saudi Arabia, it is very hard for a female student to excel in education. Because of this, there are few female leaders in the academic fields. This implies that girls who seek to identify themselves with senior girls as role models in education often do not have one to imitate. This can be quite discouraging especially where role models from other countries can not be admired by the Saudi girls because they do not incur similar challenges as those incurred by female students in Saud i Arabia (AlMunajjed, n.d.). Present Status: Higher Education and Female Students For several years Saudi women have been marginalized since it was there legal guardians, mainly their husbands and fathers who could define the destiny of a Saudi woman. Behind this denial of liberties, there are huge improvements being made in the field of higher education (Hamdan, 2005). There has been growing access for women into higher institutions of learning and particularly universities. This has been recognized as a monumental step that could lay the foundation for the rights of women and their future empowerment especially in accessing employment. It is considered that any effort to liberate and to empower the Saudi woman should be focused in education (Ramady, 2010). There has been a women education in Saudi Arabia since 1960.The efforts of the King Abdullah has further extended the education system for women and his reign has therefore been considered a golden era for women in regards to hi gher education. This King made women’s higher education his top priority in 2005 and ensured that that education of Saudi women continues to be an important objective. The efforts of the King are paying off since the current figure for women in universities account for 58 percent and the rate is expected to rise (Elliott, 2008). Consequently, to ensure that women access higher education from tertiary, Secondary and the university, he has constructed at least 300 colleges for women. These efforts have been recognized by the international community and currently, Saudi Arabia ranks 25th in the world among countries with a high percentage of women from the population in universities. Princess Noura bint Abdulrahman University is the world’s number one women only institution and it accommodates approximately 50,000 female students (World Policy, 2011). Since, Saudi Arabia is a religiously conservative country; the enhancement of women’s access to higher education ha s raised a lot of tension between the government and the Wahhabi religious establishment particularly regarding gender-integrated classes. Despite the expansion of opportunities for higher education for women, they still have to seek legal permission from their fathers or their husbands to participate (Elliott, 2008). Consequently, there are some courses that women are not allowed to undertake like engineering, construction and aviation. Women are only allowed to study law at the undergraduate level but they are not allowed to practice it. There are some cases also where women are not allowed to study, programs like general surgery, orthopedic surgery and pediatrics, as has been witnessed in King Fahd Teaching Hospital in Al-Khobar where female are not admitted to these programs (World Policy, 2011). Females Participation in Distance Education Distance education has been introduced to meet the increased demand for education. The presence of modern advanced systems of telecommunicati on and information technology, and the need to minimize costs in supplying education to a rapidly growing market, has necessitated the move to greater distance education offerings. The decentralization of education so as to reach a critical mass of the population and the need to ensure education for all has been applied in Saudi Arabia. Of particular attention, are program that target women in the population, particularly those groups who have been marginalized in the past (Elliott, 2008). Distance education is gaining prominence in Saudi Arabia. This has been made possible by the large distribution of the student population. Distance education in Saudi Arabia is also applied due to gender segregation in tertiary education where male lecturers are not allowed to teach female students and they can only teach them by use of Closed Circuit Television, one way video and two-way audio broadcast (Elliott, 2008). Distance education allows males to teach females as they do need to be person ally face to face in the act of the teaching. Higher education has been used to enhance women’s access to education and to increase their opportunities. This has been achieved by the use of VSAT broadcasting technology and the internet (Elliott, 2008). In female colleges, for example, which operate under General Presidency for Girls Education, a subsidiary of Ministry of education, has been elevated to Princess Noura University and had its lectures transmitted from Riyadh to all female student institutions in the kingdom. The lectures and tutorials are made available through DVDs and video streaming (Al-Khalifa, 2009). Technology learning on females’ public school Technology-aided learning in Saudi Arabia has been applied as a motivation to utilize computer abilities in various education domains and to promote the activities of the learners (Elliott, 2008). This system has been dubbed as e-learning. In this system, education content is delivered by the use of televisio n, Video tape, CD-ROM and computer-based training. E-Learning in higher education was launched by GOTEVOT, which is the official government authority in charge of technical and vocational training (Al-Khalifa, 2009). The ministry of education recognizes E-learning in learning institutions so as to address the issue the shortage of female lecturers in gender-segregated institutions. Way Forward Distance Education Barriers The barriers facing students pursuing distance education fall in the following categories: lack of feedback, response from teachers, comprehensive training, alienation, isolation and few Saudi women scholars. Distance learning students have a lot of insecurities regarding their learning. This support is usually in terms of expenses they incur in the course of acquiring education. Lack of Feedback or Response from the Teachers Most Female students do not have direct contact with their teachers hence leading to self-evaluation trouble. This may lead to risk of limited academic and social integration into a complete institutional life in future. Isolation and alienation There are students who have a feeling that they are alienated from the system of education. Consequently, distance education will take away the normal social interactions which are associated with traditional and conventional learning environment. Comprehensive Training There may be some cases where majority of the students are well conversant with technological issues like the use of computer and internet. Using of technology has the risk of excluding some students who lack computer skills (Galusha, 2008). In this case, comprehensive training should be encouraged in order to build the learners skills making them to be able to use technology effectively (Mà ¼ller, 2008). Saudi Women Scholars There are very few Saudi women scholars. This has been probably due to the kind of societal conditioning towards women education. As noted above, there are too many factors which inhibit the pursuit of education by Saudi women. There is need to encourage the few Saudi women scholars to speak up. It has been a challenge to get the Saudi women scholars to engage in public forums where they can be reached by those seeking inspiration. There is also need to encourage more women to participate in the job market where they can showcase their talents and abilities. This will enable them to come out clearly and be icons for young Saudi girls who might be eager to pursue education to higher levels (Sidiya, 2010). The launch of inspirational dialogue forums like the one in Jeddah is quite significant. Such inspirational talks will encourage young Saudi girls to go through the education system and come out successfully (Sabbagh, 1996). Further, such inspirational dialogue should be promoting successful women in entrepreneurship, artists and academic scholars. The Jeddah program was an online forum initiated by Unilever as part of its corporate social responsibility so as to create role models for the young Saudi women and to achieve positive contribution from women (Banga, 2011). Conclusion The education of females in Saudi has empowered women in the society and helped to reduce the gender gap which has been the greatest impediment to the education of females. This has prompted the government to reform the education system so as to address the challenges. The development of educational infrastructure such as schools for women and distance education to enable rural women access education opportunities has been put in place. The King has played a significant role in furthering education for women. From 11 colleges in the 1970s, the number of women colleges has drastically increased to 300. There is a continued need, however, for even greater effort to be channeled towards ensuring that the girl child has an equal chance to full education. References Al-Khalifa, H.S. (2009). The State of Distance Education in Saudi. eLearn Magazine. Retrieved from https://elear nmag.acm.org/archive.cfm?aid=1642193 AlMunajjed, M. (n.d.). Women’s Education in Saudi Arabia. Ideation Center. Web. Banga, K. (2011). New initiative aims to inspire women. SME Advisor. Retrieved from https://www.sme10x.com/news/new-initiative-aims-to-inspire-saudi-women Budhwar, P. Mellahi, K. (n.d.). Managing Human Resource in the Middle East. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Elliott, C. (2008). Global empowerment of women: responses to globalization. New York, NY: Rutledge. Farlex, I. (2011). Operandi Conditioning. The Free Dictionary. Retrieved from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Psychological+conditioning Galusha, J.M. (2008). Barriers to Learning in Distance Education. Infrastructure. Web. Hamdan, A. (2005). Women and education in Saudi Arabia: Challenge and Achievements. International Education Journal, 6(1), 42-64. Jerichow, A. (1998). The Saudi file: people, power politics. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall. Merriam Webster dictionary. (2011). Meaning of Education. Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/education Mà ¼ller, T. (2008). Persistence of women in online degree-completion programs. International review of research in open and distance learning, 9(2), 1-18. Ramady, M. (2010). The Saudi Arabian Economy: Policies, Achievement and Challenges. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Sabbagh, S. (1996). Arab women between defiance and restraint. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall. Sedgwick, R. (2001). Education in Saudi Arabia. World Education and Reviews. Retrieved from https://wenr.wes.org/2001/11/wenr-nov-dec-2001-education-in-saudi-arabia Sidiya, F. (2010). Few Women scholars willing to talk on TV. Arab News. Retrieved from arabnews.com/ Wilson, P. Graham, D. (1994). Saudi Arabia: the coming storm. Pennsylvania, PA: Rutledge. World Policy. (2011). The Path to progress for Saudi Women. World Policy. Retrieved from https://worldpolicy.org/2011/10/18/higher-education-the-path-to-progress-for -saudi-women/

Use the French Faire to Build Castles in the Air

Use the French Faire to Build Castles in the Air The French verb faire  means  literally  to do or to make and is used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to build castles in the air, turn a deaf ear, act like a child and more with these expressions using faire.2 et 2 font 4 (math)2 plus 2 equals 4faire infinitive (causative)1) to cause something to happen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Le froid fait geler leau.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cold makes water freeze.2) to have something done  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je fais laver la voiture.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Im having the car washed. faire beau or mauvais  (weather expressions)il fait beau or  il   fait beau tempsto be nice weather;  Ã‚  its nice out; the weather is fine/niceil fait mauvais or il fait mauvais tempsto be bad weather; its bad out; the weather is bad/nasty faire 5 kilomà ¨tres, 3 heuresto go 5 km, be on the road for 3 hours faire acte de prà ©senceto put in an appearancefaire sa tà ªteto act impulsively, to have ones wayfaire attention to pay attention to, watch out forfaire bon accueilto welcomefaire cadeau des dà ©tailsto spare the detailsfaire de la peine quelquunto hurt someone (emotionally or morally)faire de la photographieto do photography as a hobbyfaire de lautostopto hitchhikefaire demi-tour (figurative)to make a U-turn; do an about-facefaire des bà ªtisesto get into mischief faire une bà ªtiseto do something stupid faire des chà ¢teaux en Espagneto build castles in the air faire des coursto give classes, lecturesfaire des à ©conomiesto save up; to save money; to economizefaire de son mieuxto do ones bestfaire des progrà ¨sto make progressfaire des projetsto make plansfaire du bricolageto do odd jobs; to  putter aroundfaire du lard (familiar)to sit around doing nothingfaire du sportto play sportsfaire du thà ©Ãƒ ¢treto be an actor; to do some actingfaire du violon, pianoto study violin, pianofaire dune pierre deux coupsto kill two birds with one stonefaire face to oppose; to face up tofaire fito scornfaire jour, nuitto be daytime; to be nighttimefaire la bà ªteto act like a foolfaire la bise, le bisouto kiss hellofaire la connaissance deto meet (for the first time)faire la cuisineto cookfaire la grasse matinà ©eto sleep in; to sleep latefaire la lessive; faire le lingeto do the laundryfaire la moue; faire la tà ªteto pout; to sulkfaire la queueto stand in line; to line upfaire la sourde oreilleto turn a deaf earfaire la tà ªteto sulkfaire la va isselleto do the dishesfaire là ©cole buissonnià ¨re  Ã‚  to be truant; to play hooky  from schoolfaire le jardinto do the gardeningfaire le litto make the bedfaire le marchà ©,  faire les achats  to do the shoppingfaire le mà ©nageto do houseworkfaire lenfantto act like a childfaire le pontto make it a long weekendfaire les bagages, faire les valisesto packfaire les carreauxto do the windowsfaire les coursesto run errands / to go shoppingfaire les quatre cents coupsto sow ones wild oats, get in trouble, lead a wild life   The list of French expressions with the irregular verb faire  continues.  faire le tour deto go / walk aroundfaire lEuropeto travel to / visit Europefaire lidiotto act the foolfaire le singeto act the foolfaire mal quelquunto hurt someonefaire part de quelque chose   quelquunto inform someone aboutfaire partie deto be a part offaire peau neuveto turn over a new leaffaire peur quelquunto frighten someonefaire plaisir quelquunto please someonefaire preuve deto display a quality / virtuefaire sa toiletteto get up and get dressed, to wash upfaire savoir quelque chose   quelquunto inform someone of somethingfaire semblant de faire quelque choseto pretend to do somethingfaire ses adieuxto say good-byefaire ses amitià ©s quelquunto give ones regards to someonefaire ses devoirsto do homeworkfaire ses à ©tudes to study atfaire son bacto study for the baccalaureatefaire son droitto study for a law degreefaire son litto make ones bedfaire son possibleto do ones bestfaire suivre (s es lettres)to forward (ones mail)faire toute une histoire de quelque choseto make a federal case of somethingfaire un beau coupleto make a nice couplefaire un cadeau quelquunto give someone a giftfaire un clin doeil to wink atfaire un coursto give class(es) / to lecturefaire un temps de Toussaintto have grey and gloomy weatherfaire une bà ªtiseto make a blunder; do something  stupidfaire une croix dessusto give up on / kiss something  goodbyefaire un demi-tourto do a U-turn, an about-turnfaire une drà ´le de tà ªteto make a strange / funny facefaire un fromage (de)to make a big stink / fuss (about)faire une fugueto run away from homefaire une gaffeto blunder, make a mistakefaire une malleto pack a trunkfaire une partie deto play a game offaire une promenadeto take a walkfaire une promenade en voiture  to take a ridefaire une questionto ask a questionfaire une rà ©clamationto make a complaintfaire une visiteto pay a visitfaire un tourto take a walkfaire un tour en voituret o take a ridefaire un voyageto take a tripfaire venir leau la boucheto make ones mouth water(click the numbers below to read the other pages of this lesson and learn more expressions with faire)Faire conjugations | All about faire Article Edited by  Camille Chevalier Karfis The French verb faire literally means to do or to make and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to build castles in the air, turn a deaf ear, act like a child, and more with this list of expressions with faire.Laccident a fait 5 victimes.Five people were killed in the accident.Aussità ´t dit, aussità ´t fait.No sooner said than done.Cela / Ça fait un an que...Its been a year since...Ça fait mon affaireThat suits me just fine, thats just what I needÇa lui fera du bien.That will do him / her some good.Ça me fait froid dans le dosThat gives me the shiversÇa ne fait rienThats OK, it doesnt matter.Ce film a fait un tabacThat movie was a hitCest bien fait pour toi  !It serves you right!Cest plus facile dire qu faire.Easier said than done.Cette pià ¨ce fait salle comble.This play draws a full house.Les chiens ne font pas des chatsThe apple doesnt fall far from the treeComment se fait-il ...?How come ...?Fais gaffe !Be careful! Watch out!Fais voirSh ow me, Let me seeFaites comme chez vous. Make yourself at home.Il fait encore des siennes.Hes up to his old tricks again.Il fait toujours bande part.He always keeps to himself.Il le fait contre-coeurHes doing it unwillingly(Il ny a) rien faire.Its hopeless, no use insistingIl te fait marcherHes pulling your leg.la goutte qui fait dà ©border le vasethe straw that broke the camels backUne hirondelle ne fait pas le printemps (proverb)One swallow doesnt make a summerOn a fait une nuit blanche.We pulled an all-nighter.Que faire  ?What is to be done? What can we do?Que faites-vous dans la vie  ?What do you do for a living?Quel mà ©tier faites-vous  ?What do you do for a living?Quel temps fait-il  ?Hows the weather?Quest-ce que cela peut bien te faire  ?What could that possibly matter to you?Quest-ce que jai fait avec mes gants  ?  Ã‚  What have I done with my gloves?Si cela ne vous fait rienIf you dont mind.Tu as fait un beau gà ¢chis  !Youve made a fine mess of it!Tu as fait courir ce bruit.You spread this rumor.(click the numbers below to read the other pages of this lesson and learn more expressions with faire)Faire conjugations | All about faire Article Edited by  Camille Chevalier Karfis The French verb se faire literally means to become and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to earn money, make friends, worry, and more with this list of expressions with se faire.se faire attributeto becomese faire infinitiveto have something done to / for oneselfse faire nounto make something for oneselfse faire 10 000 eurosto earn 10,000 eurosse faire quelque chose oseto get used to somethingse faire des amisto make friendsse faire des idà ©es, des illusionsto be fooling oneselfse faire du mauvais sangto worryse faire du souci / des soucisto worryse faire fort de infinitiveto be confident, claim that one can do somethingse faire malto hurt oneselfse faire passer pourto pass oneself off asse faire tout(e) petit(e)to try not to be noticed, make inconspicuousse faire une idà ©eto get some idease faire une montagne de quelque chose to exaggerate the importance of somethingse faire une raisonto resign oneself to somethingsen faireto worryCela / Ça ne se fai t pasThat isnt done, one doesnt do thatCela / Ça ne se fera pasThat wont happenComment se fait-il que subjunctiveHow is it that... / How does it happen that...Il sest fait tout seulHes a self-made manJe men fais. (familiar)Im worried.Je ne te le fais pas dire  !Im not putting words in your mouth!ne pas se le faire dire deux foisnot to have to be told twiceFaire conjugations | All about faire | Pronominal verbs Article Edited by  Camille Chevalier Karfis

Why do I want to study commercial aviation management with flight Essay

Why do I want to study commercial aviation management with flight option at the university of western ontario - Essay Example progress had been made during the course of time that altered the very style of human life, is the outcome of magnificent imagination and superb thoughtfulness that led man’s way cave-age of Paleolithic and Neolithic eras to contemporary age of technologic advancement. Flying in air has always been man’s unabated passion for centuries, and he made efforts to have command over air in different times. Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright were the first persons to manage the very first flight of human history in 1903 through the very crude form of modern aero plane. With the passage of time, significant improvements were made in the machinery, appearance and technology of the plane turning into a safe, comfortable, speedy and swift mode of traveling. At present, thousands of the schools and universities are offering the studies related to commercial and defense aeronautics and air travel. It is fact beyond doubt that nature has created billions of people with different physical and mental features and characteristics. It is therefore, not only their can be observed individuality and uniqueness in their appearance, but also their actions, reactions, social behavior and thinking are also quite different from others. â€Å"If any human being†, Bacon argues, â€Å"earnestly desire to push on to new discoveries instead of just retaining and using the old; to win victories over Nature as a worker rather than over hostile critics as a disputant; to attain, in fact, clear and demonstrative knowledge instead of attractive and probable theory; we invite him as a true son of Science to join our ranks.† It is man’s soaring ideas and extraordinary thinking that distinguish him from others. The same is the case with me. I was born in Saudi Arabia, and got my early education in the same country. Since my father has high business ambitions and he travels wide fr om one country to the other in respect of corporate activities, I also got chances of traveling with him during these

The Future of Nursing in an Evolving Health Care System Research Paper - 1

The Future of Nursing in an Evolving Health Care System - Research Paper Example Nurses were required to be enjoined in talks regarding transformation of healthcare service delivery by giving them a greater voice and control in making reliable and effective decisions (RWJF, 2012a). The transformation was aimed at reforming the healthcare delivery approach and ensuring patients received better and reliable care at much lower costs that they could afford. To make service delivery more affordable and efficient, nurses had to be made the center of the discussions as they are much closer to patients in healthcare facilities. Such were the proposed strategic decisions to transform the Future of Nursing in advancing healthcare delivery. The IOM report on the future of Nursing was of much importance in the nursing profession. Nurses have varying levels of education and competencies raging from the licensed practicing nurses who in most cases are in contact with patients in nursing homes, to nurse scientists who are actively involved in research work on how to improve the care of patients and improving the nursing profession. The IOM report considered all classes of nurses across education levels, roles, and settings in envisioning the future of the profession (Institute of Medicine, 2010). Such an approach implied all nurses regardless of their duties and settings were empowered through the committee recommendations. In addition, the report suggested that all nurses had to be given room to practice to the full extent of training or education. This is important because; nurse licensing and practice are widely varied across states, with the regulations related to the scope of practice defining what activities a qualif ied nurse has to perform, all which affect different nurses in different ways (Institute of Medicine, 2010). Moreover, the recommendations of the IOM committee sought to improve the nursing profession by recommending that nurses had to achieve higher levels of education and training by going through a much improved education system

Nursing Home And Law Essay Example for Free

Nursing Home And Law Essay A report from the United Press International last December 19, 2007 reveals that between 2000 and 2006, there has been a significant increase in the number of serious reprimands for dangerous conditions among nursing homes in the United States. The report indicates that part of the reason to the increase is the rigorous enforcement of activities in handling patients. It has also been reported that citations of physical or sexual abuse of patients as well as insufficient medication have a significant role in the increase (Barbee, 1991). The issue of the increase in the number of serious reprimands has a strong relationship with the nature, sources and functions of the law. The increase in the number of causes for the serious reprimands have a large share in analyzing the legal measures relevant to the reprimands and preventive measures taken. If the number of causes are decreased or totally removed, then there is strong reason to believe that the reprimands will also be loosened as much as the situation requires. The known way for putting a decline to these reprimands is through the law. Apparently, the law does not only look after the serious reprimands; it also looks after the causes for these reprimands as we shall see (Barbee, 1991). Analysis In its entirety, the law seeks to provide security for the welfare of the people. It does not seek to promote an unfair advantage nor does it seek to jeopardize the lives of individuals regardless of age or gender. A large number of patients in nursing homes are the elderly who are nearing the dawn of their lives. Given their physical status, one cannot find it reasonable to handle the elderly with rashness or with rigorous enforcement of activities (Murtaugh, Kemper and Spillman, 1990). On the contrary, the elderly should receive TLC—tender, loving care. If there are no existing laws which specifically sanctions these behaviors, then it is about time that the legislative agenda of the nation include concerns for the elderly in nursing homes. Moreover, should the law zero-in on the issue pertaining to the handling of the elderly in nursing homes, the law should make clear any exclusion to the rule or other exceptions that may be granted. Otherwise, the legal sanctions may apply to cases which may not necessarily be attributed with the intention of causing more harm than doing any good to the elderly patient. For instance, the law should make it clear that there are cases where the family of the patient decides to give the employees or doctors of the nursing hospital full control of the situation of the patient (â€Å"Serious nursing home violations rise,† 2007). In certain extreme cases where the patient is unable to make rational decisions and where the family has very minimal or little knowledge on what best suits the patient, doctors are given the power to decide what is best for the patient. In this process, it is not impossible that the patient may be harmed. The law should also acknowledge the fact that there are also cases where the patients themselves are the cause of the harm that they experience. As hospital administrators, however, the employees and staff of the nursing hospitals have the responsibility to ascertain that the patients are safe from external harm and from harming themselves. Yet the probability of instances where patients cause harm to themselves is not far behind. For the law to address these possibilities, it should be narrow enough to pin down precise cases yet broad enough to encompass cases where negligence on the part of the hospital administrators can be charged and filed as a peripheral case (Barbee, 1991). Further, the law should also be clear in defining the terms involved, such as what counts as ‘rigorous enforcement of activities’ or what is to be classified as ‘proper nursing care for patients’. Although interpretation of the law, especially during court proceedings, has become integral in the due process of the law, it cannot be the case that there can be no coherent interpretation of what the law and its sanctions imply or the reasons why laws for nursing homes were or will be created. On the contrary, the very fact that a law is created indicates that it has its purpose, and legislators of such a law most likely know the purposes behind the legislation of these laws. Unless the very purpose of the law regarding the treatment patients receive in nursing homes become clearly defined or sufficiently explicated, several inconsistencies and vague pronouncements are most likely to follow (Murtaugh, Kemper and Spillman, 1990). Why is there the rigorous enforcement of activities in handling patients in nursing homes in the first place? There are many factors that can be considered. First, it can be the case that the staff of the nursing home may be new and unfamiliar with the ethics in professionally handling the needs and medications of the patients. Second, the employees may have a limited knowledge on the physical condition of the patient or on the sickness of the patient. Third, the records of the patients may have indicated that the patient needs certain types of activities without specifying the frequency of the activity. Lastly, the nursing home might be lacking in terms of advanced medical equipment and other medical machines. And to compensate for such a ‘lack’, the nursing home administrators may have reverted to increasing the amount of activities above normal (â€Å"Serious nursing home violations rise,† 2007). Why is there a need for laws which cover sanctions for certain ways of handling patients at nursing homes? Part of the reason to this is the observation that there are nursing home employees who take advantage of their patients in many ways; one having been reported is physical or sexual abuse. The laws provide a means not only to proscribe certain behaviors from nursing home employees but, more importantly, to draw the fine line between professionalism and abuse of work responsibilities. Conclusions and further remarks It is a fact that a number of laws are first proposed in the legislative body of the government. But even more basic to this is the fact that a number of these proposals come from the demands of the people such groups that as lobby for laws which can directly affect their cause (Barbee, 1991). Certain tends in the contemporary society can also prompt the legislative body of the government to create laws which address these trends. For instance, the massive boom of immigration in earlier times led numerous countries to pass laws which control immigration of individuals. As for the increase in the number of cases pertaining to the rigorous enforcement of activities in handling patients, it is no wonder that there has been a corresponding increase in the number of serious reprimands for dangerous conditions among nursing homes. The United Press International report divulges the critical increase in the number of serious reprimands for dangerous conditions among nursing homes in America (â€Å"Serious nursing home violations rise,† 2007). The rigorous enforcement of activities in handling patients has an undeniable contribution in the increase although what remains debatable is the question of whether the existing laws have enough coverage over the ways in which nursing home employees take care of their patients. The citations of physical or sexual abuse of patients as well as insufficient medication are clear indicators that the problem in nursing homes is real and requires attention from the legislative body of the government. The nature, sources and functions of the law have a role to fit in the case of the patients situated in many nursing homes in the country. The increasing number of patients in nursing homes is perhaps the strongest indicator that, while the nation may lack solid efforts in surmounting patient-related incidents of harm, the law is yet to efficiently and effectively be put into action. References Serious nursing home violations rise. (2007). Retrieved January 20, 2008, from http://www. upi. com/NewsTrack/Top_News/2007/12/19/serious_nursing_home_violations_rise/9034/ Barbee, G. C. (1991). The Nurse, the Nursing Home, and the Law. The American Journal of Nursing, 61(8), 84-86. Murtaugh, C. M. , Kemper, P. , Spillman, B. C. (1990). The Risk of Nursing Home Use in Later Life. Medical Care, 28(10), 952-962.

Universal Acceptance of Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay -- Hamlet

Universal Acceptance of Hamlet by William Shakespeare The tragedy and situation in the play ‘Hamlet’ has been commented on as ‘universal.’ Audiences of many different cultures can enjoy ‘Hamlet’ even though it is set in an alien culture to them. The reasons for this are that many people can relate to the play, they feel that they are living though a profound experience, even if nothing in the plot of Hamlet has ever happened to them. The experience of ‘Hamlet’ is not restricted to the plot and its characters. A large factor in this universal acceptance is that the main character, Hamlet, around whom the entire play revolves, is realist and ‘universal’ himself. In this Hamlet is merely a reflection of aspects found in all men, he is a symbol for how any man would act given the situation. If he reacts the way you would react, that makes him a very easy to relate to and sympathetic character. This does not mean that Hamlet reflects the common man and his action, or Rosencrantz and Guildenstern would be more probable ‘universal men.’ Hamlet reflects what the common man wishes and feels he could do if he were given the chance. Hamlet is 'superhuman' in this sense. He is able to find the strength to act though his tragic situation with out giving in to easier ways and temptations along the way. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are more common man than universal, for though they have loyalty to Hamlet as they have been his friends for many years, they still have their own ambition. (Gertrude) â€Å"Your visitation may receive such thanks As fits a king’s remembrance†¦ (Rosencrantz) by the sovereign power you have of us,†¦ (Guildenstern) Heaven make our presence and our practices Pleasant and helpful to him! [Hamlet]† (Act1, Scene2) They make a choice, and like Judas, they make the ‘wrong’ one. They do not stand strong and faithful to Hamlet, but act on King Claudius’s behalf, in hope of recognition. This is a ‘common’ man’ action, to take the favorable route on the behalf of personal interest. Hamlet’s main appeal is that he is trapped into a cycle, but he takes the noble and faithful action to affront the situation, leaving no doubt to the audience that he is in the right. Though Hamlet is in a sense 'superhuman,' he is still human and easy to relate to for he does have flaws. He is not the shining hero riding in on a white horse to save the day, he... ...ample Hamlet forgives Laertes, yet kills him. Therefore Hamlet can not give punishment without commit crime. As a result the cycle starts again, against Hamlet this time. The crime is committed, and the ‘Commits the crime and must suffer for it’ role acts again. Hamlet is forced into the cycle over which he can have no control. In being the punisher Hamlet must also be punished. In this Hamlet may symbolise an aspect that many people feel, that they are locked into cycle that they cannot escape. Hamlet is therefore a symbol of the ‘universal man.’ He does not reflect the common man’s actions and deeds, but what the common man could possible do if given the chance. He represents the inner strengths of humanity, the virtues that they are capable of achieving. Yet he still remains truly human, making mistakes and being unable to escape the greater cycles and powers that exist. Hamlet may not reflect every man that exists, he reflects a part within them that exists. Hamlet is not the common man, but this is not due to his sovereignty, education, manners or upbringing. It is due to his ability to access his inner strength and do the right thing, even when the odds are against him.

Artifacts

The life of everyday 2012 Americans would be massively effected if they had no cellular phones. Since cellular phones were considered advanced back then they could carry â€Å"APS† and â€Å"the internet†, with these two things humans could most likely do almost everything from their phone, except eat and drink. Most everyone in 2012 has a phone for communication purposes, since people travel far away and do not stay close to the home. Although a cellular phone was a status symbol, It was also seed to take â€Å"pictures†, and to decorate, in 2012 they had things called â€Å"phone cases† and â€Å"phone charms†.This Just fed into the obsession with the use for cellular phones and other technologies. Cellular Phones challenge the Christian faith because they are such a temptation. Since Americans got all the worlds information to their phones, they kept their cellular phones close. They left these devices on loud ringers too, this way they were noti fied when a text came up, or something In their social media circle. But 2012 Christians should be more focused on serving the Lord's will, rather than satisfying their need to stay â€Å"updated†.In the more ancient Roman times, the Christian were faced with the dawning task of trying to â€Å"fit in† with the regular society, so they had to pretend to worship false idols. But the Ancient Roman Christians rose above that, they knew that with the help of God that life would learn to accept Christianity as a real religion. Roman Christian would just have to remain faithful to God and know that it is in his will that they learn o resist temptations and to stay faithful even through the persecution. My second artifact that I uncovered was a â€Å"Cool Story BRB. Tell it again. † Sweatshirt.This sweatshirt represents clothing that Americans wore in 2012, this would also be considered Ideas and Values. These types of sweatshirts were used to gain attention, both posi tive and negative, with a catchy slogan. This effects the dally lives of Americans living In 2012 because sweatshirts, were used for warmth. But they could serve another purpose too, living in 2012 the world was all about fashion, so any people wore sweatshirts with catchy slogans because it was â€Å"hip† The main reason it was a challenge to the lives of Christians living in 2012 was because the slogan â€Å"Cool Story BRB.Tell it Again. † is supposed to make the person telling the long and uninteresting thing feel like their words were not important. So their words feel less important with such a rude phrase. Ancient Roman Christians must have felt the same way because since they lived in a time were false idols were constantly being worshiped, believing in a Heavenly Father made them unimportant. Ancient Romans treated the Christian word like we do now with that catchy slogan; they denounce all meaning in our messages, our prophets, and our bible verses.The Christi ans rose above all the hate and mean glares that were given to them in Ancient Roman times, so it should be easier for Christians in 2012 to be able to turn their heads away from the fallen decedents of Jesus Christ. It is only God's will if people want to reject our messages, and our teachings. We will always as Christians stay faithful no matter what, and continue to speak of God's Grace. The third and final artifact that I discovered is a women fragrance, names â€Å"Rubble† by Ranch.This artifact goes under social life, and ideas and values. In 2012, women were obsessed with smelling good, it was not uncommon for one women to have more than 3 perfumes in her bathroom or bedroom. This was all because of the idea that women must smell good, to be attractive; of course there were other things women had to suffer through to be considered attractive. But none the less, women were objectified to be a perfect person. This posed a challenge to Christians and their faith because; Christian women would not be focused on achieving preferences.The only one who can be perfect is God, who made us, and teaches us daily. Although it was tempting for Christian women to object themselves to the culture around them, they knew that in the end it wouldn't be the preferences that got them to heaven, and that they wouldn't be Judge on their appearance. In the end Christian women knew that they must stay faithful to God, and know that he is the only one who Judges us in the end. In Ancient Roman times, women-not Just Christian- were faced with the same reality.The cultures around them made everyone think that women have to be a certain way to be beautiful, this has been etched out through all of time since Adam and Eve, and the dinosaurs. Christian women of faith should not be discouraged by the perfect image formed by society and pop culture. They should only strengthen their faith, becoming closer with God. God doesn't see you as you, he sees you as the person he created , and a loving human being. God is the only one who Judges you when you leave this world, so why should you care who Judges you in this world? Artifacts They include tools, dwellings, artifacts, war machinery and music instruments among others. Material culture advanced at different speeds in different communities depending major on the needs of the community at that particular time and technological ability. Building structures such as homes and roads, which are products of architecture, provide the major contribution to material culture. This brings out clearly the importance of architecture in the development of material culture, and the same way, material culture is so important in architecture and other fields as discussed below.For architects, material culture can be a great source of inspiration in designing of buildings. Many architectural designs source their inspiration from the material culture of a society. Physical cultural elements such as the African hut, the gourd, the African pot and the African mat have inspired African architecture. A good number of buildings in Africa have their inspiration from very old buildings in Asia and Europe, mostly religious places of worship such as the churches and mosques, almost all mosques have a similar design that traces its origin way back in the Asian countries where McHugh style of architecture was plopped.Such are forms of material culture as they played a central role in defining the religion of the people during that time. Since material culture is tangible, and in most cases very durable, it provides a concrete support and evidence in proving historical facts. By collecting and studying material culture, historians are able to validate and prove their claims. In the study of the origin of man, Charles Darwin could have not in any way convinced a single person that man evolved from the same evolutionary path as primates.But through the evidence gathered from the mains of the stone tools and artifacts at the areas belied to have been the dwellings of the early man, it was much easier for him to prove his point that man evolved from apes. Material culture enables us to gauge the level of development of a people. In the modern world, there exists a different level of gauging the development of societies I. E. The developed countries such as USA china, Japan and Britain, the developing countries such as Brazil Kenya and south Africa and also the third world countries.What leads to such difference in classification is mainly the kind of materials these societies use and their technological advancement. We are able to measure how advanced the ancient societies were through the study of their material culture, for example the early civilizations such as Mesopotamia and Egypt, through studying the remains of their agricultural tools, we are able to comfortably conclude that such civilizations had sophisticated technology as per that time. In the more recent societies of Rome and Jerusalem, by getting knowledge of their architecture, we find how much they were technologically advanced.This is important in that it gives us onscreen evidence to use in gauging the level of development of a people. Material culture is a source of heritage and pride of a people. The tangible evidence of the technological advancement is a source of pride as a heritage of a people, historic buildings and artifacts owned by a society provides them with something to show off their history and advancement in various fields of Science and Mathematics. For example the Fort Jesus building in Lama, the Geed ruins, these are sources of pride for Kenya as they are historical places that define the history of Kenya.Famous old buildings such as the Dome of the Rock located on the Temple Mount in the old City of Jerusalem, SST. Pewter's Basilica in Rome, Italy, Acropolis of Athens, the Pantheon in Rome, the Parthenon in Athens, Decent Mosque in Mali, the Great Pyramids of Egypt and Haggis Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey are great heritages of the communities that associate with them and the countries in which they have been in existence for centuries. They are a source of pride and give a visual impression of the history of the people in those places. References; www. Du. Com

Improve Own Practice in Learning and Development Essay

Why L&D practitioners must engage in reflective practice and continue CPD. Analyse own values, beliefs and attitudes and the impact on their practice. Engaging in Reflective practice is associated with the improvement of the quality of care, stimulating personal, professional growth and the closing gap between theory between theory and practice. J Dewey was among the first to consider the questions of psychology and the theory of knowledge, I liked Brookfield (1998) as his concept explained discussing and talking and contemplating through the learner’s eyes. The appeal of the use of reflective practice is that as teaching and learning are complex, and there is not one right approach, reflecting on different versions of teaching, and reshaping past and current experiences will lead to improvement. Schà ¶n’s (1983) reflection–in-action assists practitioners in making the professional knowledge that they will gain from their experience in the classroom an explicit part of their decision-making. Research base practices strongly supports the importance of the teacher/ facilitator being a highly trained, reflective professional. The importance of reflecting on what you are doing, as part of the learning process, has also been empathised by many investigators, for example the second stage of Kolb’s (1984) learning cycle, reflective observation. Reflective observation can be an important tool in practice based professional learning settings where individuals learning from their own professional experiences, rather than from formal teaching or knowledge transfer, maybe the most important source of personal professional development and improvement. Another way to look at it is through Lewin/Kolb’s single-loop learning, and the Argyris and Schà ¶n concept double-loop learning which were mapped from the works of Ashby (1960) while working on cybernetics. Single-loop learning is like a thermostat that learns when it is too hot or too cold and turns the heat on or off. The thermostat can perform this task because it can receive information (the temperature of the room) and take  corrective action. Double-loop learning occurs when an error is detected and corrected in ways that involve the modification of an organization’s underlying norms, policies and objectives. Double loop learning uses feedback from past actions to question assumptions underlying current views. Davies (2012) explained the benefits to reflective practice Increased learning from an experience for situation Promotion of deep learning Identification of personal and professional strengths and areas for improvement Identification of educational needs Acquisition of new knowledge and skills Further understanding of own beliefs, attitudes and values Encouragement of self-motivation and self-directed learning Could act as a source of feedback Possible improvements of personal and clinical confidence . There are a number of ways to monitor your performance regularly, capturing incidental/experienced learning by keeping a self-reflective journal, by reading it over and over again I can begin to analyse achievements however small they seem and develop a greater level of self-awareness. This is where I try to recognise the needs to enhance my own learning so that a bigger benefit for the learner to progress and achieve something in their future. Firstly I identified my own preferred learning style as everyone learns in different ways. There are many ways to establish your preferred way of learning and as supported by Reece and Walker (2009), â€Å"All students are individuals and no two students learn the same way†. To move forward in life, we all need to improve our ideas, broaden relevant knowledge and skills. Getting constructive feedback (for example, learners, peers, mentors and colleagues) are important aspects of reflection. Performance indicators of the organisation are identified, it shows whether I am current with the ways of facilitating and is it having an impact on learners. It will also show how I am performing, what is going well and where I need training or guidance i.e.  learning Microsoft office at college, enabling me to have computing vocational skills. Utilising the S.W.O.T analysis where I am able to identify my strengths: Supportive Judicious Communication skills Imaginative and observant I am able to identify my weaknesses: Inability to refrain from helping Being too talkative Too altruistic This ensures me I am performing to the best that I can and that I am meeting all the standards and expectations within the organisations policies and procedures. The guidance of a mentor is an advantage for they have had similar experiences and understanding of their issues with self-development. There will be times when I will need support and advice to move my career forward and achieve life goals, so it is best to have an effective relationship. Some factors that help to build an effective relationship; Mutual respect Honesty and direct communication Acceptance and flexibility Commitment Trust Some shared values Willingness, to work through obstacles â€Å"Mentoring is to support and encourage people to manage their own learning in order that they may maximise their potential, develop their skills,  improve their performance and become the person they want to be† (E Parsole, The oxford school of coaching & mentoring) I believe that all individuals are created equally, thus all have the ability to learn equally. Resisting from a classroom culture of control, with the correct amount of care and tutoring, learners would be able to participate in classes with simplified understanding. Providing adequate feedback is an important aspect, I always try to rephrase a question with learners so not only do they understand and try to answer correctly, they feel great when they receive feedback which motivates them to learn. When I provide learners with time and space to be aware of their own knowledge and their own thinking, student ownership increases. Research shows that metacognition can be taught (Visible Learning, 2009). Using reflective practice I am able to instil values that the learner can use in their life and work.

8 Steps to More Concise Writing

8 Steps to More Concise Writing 8 Steps to More Concise Writing 8 Steps to More Concise Writing By Mark Nichol You know you must streamline your writing, but the devil’s in the details. Here are some specifics about what to look for: 1. Remove Redundancy Avoid double-teaming terms like â€Å"a period of one week,† â€Å"end result,† â€Å"free gift,† and â€Å"personal opinion.† Watch for phrases that echo the quality in question: â€Å"oval in shape,† â€Å"larger in size,† â€Å"shorter in duration,† and the like. Omit redundant words that are already implied as part of an abbreviated term, such as machine in â€Å"ATM machine.† 2. Reduce Phrases to Words Replace a descriptive phrase following a noun with a one-word adjective that precedes the noun: â€Å"People who experienced at traveling know better than to label their luggage,† for example, can be revised to â€Å"Experienced travelers know better than to label their luggage. A modifying phrase, similarly, can be reduced to a simple adverb: â€Å"Sympathizing with her concerns, he nodded in response to her complaint,† for instance, is more concisely expressed as â€Å"He nodded sympathetically in response to her complaint.† Delete extraneous phrases such as â€Å"which is† and â€Å"who were,† as shown here: â€Å"We drove down Lombard Street, which is considered the crookedest street in the world† is easily simplified to â€Å"We drove down Lombard Street, considered the crookedest street in the world.† 3. Omit Gratuitous Intensifiers and Qualifiers Use adverbs that intensify or qualify in moderation: â€Å"They had an extremely unpleasant experience† isn’t accurate unless a subsequent explanation justifies the intensifier extremely, and â€Å"I was somewhat taken aback† isn’t necessarily an improvement on â€Å"I was taken aback.† 4. Expunge Expletives â€Å"There are† or â€Å"there is† is a weak way to start a sentence. â€Å"There is a telling passage toward the end of the story† lacks the focus of (and the more vivid verb in) the sentence â€Å"A telling passage occurs near the end of the essay.† 5. Negate Nominalizations â€Å"The report gave an analysis of the accident† uses a phrase where a single word suffices. (This is known as a nominalization, or smothering a verb.) When you see a â€Å"(verb) a/an (noun)† construction, convert the noun into a verb and replace the phrase with it. In this case, â€Å"The report analyzed the accident† is the more concise result. As with deletion of expletives, a stronger verb is an additional benefit. 6. Delete Superfluous Phrases â€Å"At the present time,† â€Å"for all intents and purposes,† and â€Å"in the event that† are just a few of many meaningless phrases that clutter sentences. Trim them to tighten your writing. 7. Avoid Cliches Likewise, â€Å"face the music,† â€Å"litmus test,† â€Å"tried and true† and other timeworn phrases add nothing to your writing but words; they’re useful only for padding a word count, but instructors and editors (and readers) will notice. 8. Eschew Euphemisms Generally, words that disguise concepts degrade language, which is all about expressing, not repressing, meaning. For example, â€Å"collateral damage,† in reference to warfare (and, by extension, to all interpersonal relationships), invites derision. However, use of some euphemisms, such as those for human disabilities, is a well-meaning effort to preserve the dignity of the disabled, though some people argue that such cosmetic wording actually harms people by diminishing the seriousness of their condition, or that it is for the benefit not of the disabled but of people who would rather not be reminded of the disabled. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†Latin Words and Expressions: All You Need to KnowSit vs. Set

Napoleons Egyptian Campaign

Napoleons Egyptian Campaign In 1798 the French Revolutionary War in Europe reached a temporary pause, with the forces of revolutionary France and their enemies at peace. Only Britain remained at war. The French were still looking to secure their position, wished to knock out Britain out. However, despite Napoleon Bonaparte, the hero of Italy, being assigned a command to prepare for an invasion of Britain, it was clear to all that such an adventure would never succeed: Britain’s Royal Navy was too strong to allow for a workable beachhead. Napoleon’s Dream Napoleon had long harbored dreams of fighting in the Middle East and Asia, and he formulated a plan to strike back by attacking Egypt. A conquest here would secure the French hold on the Eastern Mediterranean, and to Napoleon’s mind open up a route to attack Britain in India. The Directory, the five-man body which ruled France, where equally keen to see Napoleon try his luck in Egypt because it would keep him away from usurping them, and give his troops something to do outside France. There was also the small chance he’d repeat the miracles of Italy. Consequently, Napoleon, a fleet and an army sailed from Toulon in May; he had over 250 transports and 13 ‘ships of the line’. After capturing Malta while on the way, 40,000 French landed in Egypt on July 1st. They captured Alexandria and marched on Cairo. Egypt was notionally part of the Ottoman Empire, but it was under the practical control of the Mameluke military. Napoleon’s force had more than just troops. He had brought with him an army of civilian scientists who were to create the Institute of Egypt in Cairo, to both learn from the east, and begin to ‘civilize’ it. For some historians, the science of Egyptology began seriously with the invasion. Napoleon claimed he was there to defend Islam and Egyptian interests, but he wasn’t believed and rebellions began.​ Battles in the East Egypt might not be controlled by the British, but the Mameluke rulers were no happier to see Napoleon. An Egyptian army marched to meet the French, clashing at the Battle of the Pyramids on July 21st. A struggle of military eras, it was a clear victory for Napoleon, and Cairo was occupied. A new government was installed by Napoleon, ending ‘feudalism’, serfdom, and importing French structures. However, Napoleon could not command at sea, and on August 1st the Battle of the Nile was fought. British naval commander Nelson had been sent to stop Napoleon landing and had missed him while resupplying, but finally found the French fleet and took the chance to attack while it was docked in Aboukir Bay to take on supplies, gaining further surprise by attacking in the evening, on into night, and early in the morning: only two ships of the line escaped (they were later sunk), and Napoleon’s supply line had ceased to exist. At the Nile Nelson destroyed eleven ships of the line, which amounted to a sixth of those in the French navy, including some very new and large craft. It would take years to replace them and this was the pivotal battle of the campaign. Napoleon’s position suddenly weakened, the rebels he had encouraged turned against him. Acerra and Meyer have argued this was the defining battle of the Napoleonic Wars, which hadn’t yet begun. Napoleon couldn’t even take his army back to France and, with enemy forces forming up, Napoleon marched into Syria with a small army. The aim was to prise the Ottoman Empire apart from their alliance with Britain. After taking Jaffa – where three thousand prisoners were executed - he besieged Acre, but this held out, despite the defeat of a relief army sent by the Ottomans. Plague ravaged the French and Napoleon was forced back to Egypt. He nearly suffered a setback when Ottoman forces using British and Russian ships landed 20,000 people at Aboukir, but he moved quickly to attack before the cavalry, artillery, and elites had been landed and routed them. Napoleon Leaves Napoleon now took a decision which has damned him in the eyes of many critics: realising the political situation in France was ripe for change, both for him and against him, and believing only he could save the situation, save his position, and take command of the whole country, Napoleon left – some might prefer abandoned – his army and returned to France in a ship which had to evade the British. He was soon to seize power in a coup d’etat. Post-Napoleon: French Defeat General Kleber was left to manage the French army, and he signed the Convention of El Arish with the Ottomans. This should have allowed him to pull the French army back to France, but the British refused, so Kleber attacked and retook Cairo. He was assassinated a few weeks later. The British now decided to send troops, and a force under Abercromby landed at Aboukir. The British and French fought soon after at Alexandria, and while Abercromby was killed the French were beaten, forced away from Cairo, and into surrender. Another invading British force was being organized in India to attack through the Red Sea. The British now allowed the French force to return to France and prisoners held by Britain were returned after a deal in 1802. Napoleon’s oriental dreams were over.

ZAPPOS.COM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ZAPPOS.COM - Assignment Example Customers are treated as humans and taken utmost care. Customer service and Culture are the biggest lessons that organizations and other leading people should pick up from Zappos and its CEO. Almost two-third of the sales for Zappos is from repeated customers which underlines the customer service provided by them. With the growing market and the ever increasing competition in the market, Zappos grew from selling shoes to the selling clothes, bedding, toys, cookware, electronics, and more. Though this has been emulated from Amazon, Zappos policy of customer satisfaction with free shipment has only contributed to its success. The company’s core values define its diversity. To encourage the employees to be in sync with the company’s culture of being open-minded, humble and encouraging to learn all the time all point towards endorsing diversity. Such an environment gives all the employees to be themselves and be professional following the corporate culture all the time. Yes I agree with this assertion. Zappos is mainly focused on customer relationship. Zappos just does not focus on lowering the prices as a part of its customer service; it takes care of each customer. They have set the tone for other companies to follow. Most companies spend lots on advertising and attracting customers but fail to deliver what they promised. Zappos does not spend more on advertising but retains most of its clients with its excellent service to the customer. It increases business impressing clients with its service. The advertising comes in place through the clients who are impressed with the service that they recommend their friends to go with Zappos. Zappos policy of being Simple, committed to customer service and being oneself are the main aspects other organizations should emulate. Friendly and humble CEO who bothers more about chasing vision of satisfying the customers and not charts and graphs of

What Changes Have Taken Place during the 20th CenturyThe impact of Essay

What Changes Have Taken Place during the 20th CenturyThe impact of historical developments to culture - Essay Example The affluent families have larger homes now, and each member of the family has their own room, keeping them more cut off from each other. The interchanging roles of women in the society could also be seen as a culture change. The traditional role of women was challenged in the mid 20s, as women became members of the working force, thereby changing the culture of matriarchal society. During the turn of the 20th century that is, from 1900 to 1990, remarkable things were invented that changed the lives of the American people, and eventually the world (American History Timeline). This era brought inventions such as light bulb, the telephone, the photograph, the automobile and in later years, the airliners, motorways, supertankers, radio, television, antibiotics, frozen food, computers, the Internet, and mobile telephones. All of these developments have greatly affected the people and its culture. Also at the beginning of the 20th century, the feeling of discrimination based on race and sex was still rife. Although slave trade has ended by the end of the 19th century, the pressure for equality rights for Africans in the white society of America still persisted. At the end of this era, women won equal rights and have the same rights as men anywhere. The time line for the start of cultural change starts in 1900 to 1990.(American Cultural History). In 1910, the way people moved from a place to another was dictated by 8000 automobiles that travelled in a 10 miles of paved road. In 1920, it will take 13 days from California to reach New York in the paved road of 387,000 miles. This time also marked the beginning wherein Americans started to become interested in arts and paintings. Europe has a big influence on American artists as this is the place where they went to learn how to paint. Realism and Impressions were the designs popularized by American Artists like Sergeant, Winslow Homer, Charles Rusell and Frederick Hamilton. Their paintings depicted self-portrait, American lifestyles and landscapes which were framed and were hung onto the American homes(ACH). Kodak invented by George Eastman made the greatest impact in the 20th century because it was able to record important events in their lives. Photography was used to document l ives of important people, places of interests, and personalities. During the 19th century, photography was started as a trade and was left in the hands of professionals. This trade did not require any license and all that is needed to begin the trade is buy the equipment, follow the procedural instructions, and then proceed. The openness of the trade changed the culture of painting tradition into the more sophisticated art of photography(Gartner, Gretchen) Beautiful straight and low designed homes