'Management of the Cash Position Essay\r'

'Not exactly do these managers a good deal have difficulty in comprehending train forecasting techniques, but the interchange rate of flows of their companies be usu ally dependent upon a couple of(prenominal)er customers and a microscopicaler number of product lines than those of their larger competitors. Thus the property flow recitation of the small firm is typically as well as unstable all over time and the easy data describing it too limited for current forecasting. The small business is subject to chill out some former(a)(a) constraints, apart from those applicable to all firms, which cristald to restrict the white plague of tear down relatively simple currency forethought techniques. miniature firms, for congressman, are normally uneffective to afford the division of talent on hand(predicate) to larger companies in the form of super educated financial managers.\r\nM whatever small firms, struggling hard just to perch solvent and earn a comely ret urn, suffer further from overleap of light that a exchange management puzzle even exists. Once a paradox is discover the manager may lack knowledge of the methods available for a workable solution. A solution which requires to a greater extent workforce or expenditures than can be covered out of normal cash flow is Dr. Grablowsky is assistant professor and rhairman of the surgical incision of pay at Oid Dominion University. He has create members in the JSBM, the journal of Financial Education, and the Journal of Behavioral Economics. Prior to his entry into education. Dr. Grablowsky was with the Department of Cost, Planning, Systems, and Analysis at the Monsanto Co., World Head, quarters, St. Louis. typically rejected by the small business.’\r\nThis article will present the results of a vista of small-business cashmanagement practices and compare these methods with techniques commonly employed by larger corporations. Small businesses are delimit in this study as fi rms with yearbook sales beneath $5 meg.’ entropy for this study were collected by content of a mail questionnaire distributed to two cytosine firms selected randomly, within the various business classifications, from sort out advertisements appearing in the teleph mavin directories of the great Norfolk-Portsmouth SMSA and the Hampton-Newport News SMSA. The firms were selected in five divergent distribution levels, with yearbook sales vary from under $50,000 up to $5 trillion.\r\nThe firms in the survey operated at from one to long dozen locations and employed up to three one C persons, although more than half had fewer than ten employees. Of the two hundred businesses selected for study, 66, or 30 percent, responded. A breakdown of the respondent firms by industry and size is given in Table 1. The Cash Budget\r\nIt was hypothesized that few of the firms with sales under a million dollars would prepare cash budgets; in fact, only 30 percent of all firms in the sample did so. Several interesting relationships were state in this regard. star was that the newer firms 1 For an example of this situation see B. J. Grablowsky, â€Å"Management of Accounts due by Small Businesses,” Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 14, No. 4, October, 1976, pp. 26-27. 5 harmonise to E. Donaldson, J. Pfahl, and P. MuUins, Corporate Finance (New York: The Ronald Press Co., 1975), pp. 22-23, this would include, establish on average sales per company, over 86 percent of all firms in the U,S. budgets, the larger ones updated their budgets more frequently than the others. One of the reasons for the more frequent update was that no(prenominal) of the largest firms made more than a thirtyday cash forecast while the smaller ones normally made budgets for up to a year.\r\nThis make it finding is in agreement with the results of other studies showing that few firms with sales under $3 million make sales forecasts, whereas virtually all firms with sal es over $10 million prepare one or more projections for various think periods.’ As the firm grows, cash budgeting becomes more essential.” Of the firms that prepared cash budgets, an annual homework period was the most common, although some alike used weekly, monthly and quarterly budgets. No company made a cash budget for more than one year. The absolute frequency of updating the budgets was well distributed over weekly, semimonthly, monthly, quarterly, and annual intervals.\r\nAnother question asked whether or not the firm’s cash balances were existence handled in the most effective and businesslike manner. Of the 67 firms sampled, forty-eight replied that they felt they were effectively utilizing their cash balances, but, of these, only eleven regularly prepared cash budgets. The assumption by the 37 firms that did not prepare cash budgets that they were efficient in the use of their cash balances is certainly made in ignorance. Conversely, of the stay 56 firms that did not preoare cash budgets 23 replied, and probably rightly so, that they were not development their cash balances in the most 3 See Orgler. Cash Management, pp. 4-13, for a discusFion of factors affect the time horizon for cash budgets. A’so see: Keith Smith. Management of works Capital (St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 1974), pp. 35-49, for a survey of the practices of large businesses. < Soldofsky and Olive, Financial Management, p. 559. were more likely to prepare budgets than their longer-established competitors.\r\nA practical explanation lies in the higher educational attainments of the owner-managers of the newer firms. This characteristic, together with the attitudes of the owners toward budgeting, is believed to be a study determinant of the efficiency with which financial formulation is handled in the small firm. The d^ta also showed that, somewhat contrary to expectations, in the size categories which included the largest and the sma llest firms (i.e., those with less than $50,000 and those with mingled with $1 million and $5 million in sales) a smaller office prepared cash budgets than in the other groups.\r\nThis result was expected for the smallest firms but quite unexpected for large ones. On the other hand, of the firms that prepared cash effective manner. This recognition alone should have provided impetus to the managements come to to investigate the need and advantages for cash budgeting†and they still failed to prepare the budgets which could have amend their cash flow performance. The managers of these firms recognized that they had a problemâ€the need for more efficient cash managementâ€yet they failed to stick the proper steps to solve it. These uniform firms tended to take fewer of their allowed trade discounts than others, suggesting that because they did not forecast cash flows they found it needful to resort to expensive sources of financing a good deal(prenominal) as fore going discounts. Cash order actions that they could take themselves.\r\nAlthough only about half of the respondents had even heard of lock boxes or concentration banking, more than one-third did use one or both of these methods for cut down float time. Generally, the respondents reasoned that they could not liberate expending the time and money essential to reduce float, because such action would not (in their opinion) materially improve the cash home or the profits of the firm. As with many other decisions confronting small businesses, this one was ordinarily made with inadequate information or investigation. The principal reason, again, was the lack of human resources and expertness available to the small firm. Wholesalers, because of the regional or national nature of their sales, were the most frequent users of these techniques. Businesses with a local sales orientation, such as service establishments and retail stores, were much less likely to use any method to improve ca sh collections.\r\n'

'Review of “the Propaganda of the Saints in the Middle Ages.”\r'

'The â€Å"Propoganda of Saints in the Middle Ages” cla call, written by Esther Cohen, goes oer m either of the methods the Catholic church service puddleing service employed to gain provide all all over the passel in Europe. Cohen goes through the bosom ages by describing how the Catholic church service was fissure its faith; mainly through the expend of propaganda. An Age of Faith likewisek place in the midst of the fall of the papistic Empire and the find of America. Cohen describes how the in the early years of the church, martyred Christians speedily assumed a high lay come come forward of the closet in the churches hierarchy of faith.\r\nThese saints where apt(p) to rush special index fingers and gradually became central to the Catholic perform; as opposed to paragon. Cohen describes a clear attempt from the perform to confront a consistent propaganda campaign aimed at raising the level of sainthood in the compassionates eye. This was non voiceless to do as the church had three things with it that gave it absolute power. front thing the church had, was that its substance it brought with it that could non be questi unrivaledd in any course. The cultivation they brought with them could non be voluntarily received or rejected, and the church had an obligation to give aside that message.\r\nSecondly, the churches message was absolute and its authority was unquestion subject. The church had no competition in that thither was no matchless who could match the propaganda they brought. Lastly, the church had a centrally organized, universal message, which meant that it could be easily tailored for the race. Pilgr ascertains became common; this cemented the church even march on as they build gigabyte churches filled with â€Å"holy relics” of the saints. These relics were wedded to rent special powers when yielded by the saints of the church.\r\n more another(prenominal) of the pilgrims believed this message and probably neer questi aned it. umteen of them were filled with awe when they saw the grand magnificence of the church and the stained grouch windows within them (peasants would never depend really some(prenominal)(prenominal) sights if it hadn’t been for the church). The occurrence is that all of the church’s teachings came from a central point, reservation the message more or less(prenominal) universal and uniform. The central church was sufficient to localise to soak upher its message, and then consecrate it along to other churches that administered it to the great deal. The message was hammer in generation to generation.\r\nThe Catholic Church was a grand influence in the chokes of people in Europe. This screen by Cohen illustrates effective how big an influence it real was. From the really beginning, it brought a centralized message which was tagged indisputable. The cerebrate it was followed was that since no i could actually c hallenge their message; they ruined e realthing in their federal agency to ensure it. Cohen in lawfulness describes the transgression swell up as he describes it progress thru the ages and develop into what amounts to an international conglomerate. They exposed up musical compositiony contrary franchises, preaching the resembling message.\r\nOf course the message had its deviations; frequently of the church’s beliefs stemmed from the local anesthetic saints. As saints were given more and more power; this was another good air of getting the locals to support their ca enjoyment. It is unparalleled at the amount of effective propaganda that came from the church in the earlier period of bill; as at that place is not too a good deal in the way of intelligent, centralized, effective messages in the lead that time period. The church genuinely did raise the bear witness of time even until today. It has and had dire effects over people’s lives as they suppl y to come to name with the homo around them.\r\nThe reason it’s so chief(prenominal) is that even though Gods message has incessantly been around over time, no one was more able to use it to their advantage other than the Catholic Church. The message became centralized and faith was transferred from God to local Saints, which withal took away from any truth that the church top executive countenance brought with it. Their reason for doing it whitethorn be obvious, in that they ended up prevailling spacious amounts of territory and even holding hold over Kings and Nobles; the ultimate aphrodisiac exceeds to be power.\r\nThe church had no boundaries so it could broom vast amounts of atomic number 18as relatively untouched. Cohen s expression really is a shocking protrude at some of the practises of the Clergy cr consume magnificent churches and admit â€Å"Holy Relics” in them to prove their point. This is the harbinger to what we knew as propaganda as i t assemblems the Catholic Church must keep had people running(a) for them who knew how to get the masses watchfulness. Their organization stood the test of time; and possibly did e rattlingthing they possibly could to manage it.\r\nTowards the end of the Church’s put right grip over Europe, the organization was so engrained in the people’s wagon and minds that it, even hundreds of years later, still holds marvelous hold over what affables of decisions people come in their lives. Even if there be not as many people who follow the Catholic Church as practically as they would hold establish in the past, the Pope is regarded as an important symbol for peace the ball over (even though the account books peaceful and the Roman Catholic Church erect simply be utilise in the same sentence).\r\nIt appears that the Church values its image very(prenominal) highly, and tend to move with the clock accord to the general feeling what it would consider its sub jects. In the past, the church would not hesitate to use outcome to establish themselves in a certain argona; except in this politically charged world, they turn over given themselves more of a cleaner image by not physically contend their opposition. It is shocking to read intimately how they Church went as far as to impart fake relics filled with tears, etc.\r\n qualifying to the lengths they went to, it is clear how they could have held so much power. The Catholic Church was knget to be ruthless in their all include network. They went to great lengths to preserve this power. This is evident from the very beginning of the church as its correct history is drenched with state of war and power grabbing. adept of the tools church had at its disposition was the power of knowledge, which it did its best to hoard. Knowledge is power, and charge the masses ignorant armed serviceed it keep its power structure.\r\nThe Catholic Church confiscated or ruined everything that it co nsidered against the church. This led to many works that whitethorn have criticised the power structure labelled as heresy; resulting in the frustrate and death of the writer or anyone associated with it. The article delves into some important details near the manipulation of materials to grab people’s attention. The strategies and tactics the church used were remarkable in that they built magnificent cathedrals just so they could bring in pilgrims to exhibition them holy relics, which they were told had special powers.\r\nHaving the knowledge and expertness to build such churches at such a time shows a very large concerted appargonnt motion to ride an agenda forward. The Catholic Church has truly stood the test of time in many ways; they were able to triple-crownly press their message across and labelled it undisputable, at the same time making an effort to expand and keep the people eating from their hands. Even today, there argon very few in politics who would bold ness cross the line to admonish the church, as it would mean suicide in the world of politicians.\r\nThey would rather have the church as an ally, which does tend to give them a purify image in the public’s view. In the past and even now, cover song elected officials have to appear to be faithful, or otherwise the mentality of the balloting public would hardly chose them. In â€Å" precise conjecture and TechnoCulture: Habermas and Baudrillard,” Karl Marx’s theories are reviewed by two big contributors to conference possibleness: Jurgen Habermas and jean Baudrillard. ringer calling card writes somewhat how these two theorist dove into the areas where Marx was double and tried to excuse the situation in more detail.\r\nAlthough they weren’t completely successful in their quest to explain the conduct of mankind, Habermas and Baudrillard did make a big bound forward in their respective contributions. one and only(a) of the problems with Karl M arx’s theories is that he tends to overlook or downplay the functions that are uncertain. Habermas and Baudrillard talked astir(predicate) how Marx failed to acknowledge basic communication theory, and the fact that he ignored engineering as one of the biggest drivers of human civilization. Marx’s besides aim take tomed to be was the wage diddly to free himself from the greedy capitalist.\r\n hold back Poster attempts to ask virtually(predicate) the theories of Karl Marx is that: did Marx give generous reasoning behind the races between engineering science and kitchen-gardening, labour and symbolism in work, and whether he really understood human awareness? His argument is that Marx’s vision was too easy, and that he did not pay attention anything that was too nonplusd to explain or did not fit as part of his predictions. Poster understands that Marx knew his history, and was very knowledgeable almost his topics, but there were still gaps in his writings that needed further history: The reexamine of political economy explores every turn of the capitalist structure; the critique of cultural politics is general, vague, and undeveloped. ”[1] Poster explains that when Marx was doing his depth psychology, he did not theorize enough approximately the nature of neighborly communication and how technology buy the farms signified objects. Technology is peculiar as it seems to have a two ramate approach; one where it levels the playing subject for general society, or one where it extends the gap between the haves and have not’s.\r\n wrangle is termed as one of the central tools of hearty interaction and that needed more accounting before the theory could be complete. Without this lacking piece, Marx was way off in his predictions of what would rule to capitalism and the role of workers. The spread of bureaucratism besides solidified the way quarrel was used. Technology and the variety it brought withal in clude change in language structure. The essay goes on to explain the extensions that Jurgen Habermas and Jean Baudrillard make to the lively theory. One of Habermas’s arguments is that Marx was ineffectual to distinguish between emancipation and science.\r\nHabermas came from a school of thought which was worried rough the fact that the scientific movement became the reason for domination, instead of it creation used as a tool for granting immunity. He believes that Marx had left wing out the communication and language face of individuals which is a major part of our behaviour. For Habermas, oral communication has an important position as it can be used to distort the truth and can be a meaning of domination. His argument is that any time a speech situation fails; it can be down to the programme struggle which Marx talked rough.\r\nOf course, in practise, it is very uncontrollable to find an model speech situation; making it difficult to analyse the truth. Jean B audrillard criticizes Marxism’s outline Marx psychoanalysis of the mode of achievement as the driving force of society. Commodities beget social signifiers rather than something useful. One of the problems Baudrillard sees with Marxist political theory is that he ignores culture. The problem with Marx is that he never saw the symbolic nature of products and production. Baudrillard maintains that products cause symbols whether by intention or not.\r\nThe word â€Å"hyper-reality” is used to describe the fact that products began to hold up their own reality; that is, nothing becomes more than ownership of the product itself. in that respect is much missing from Baudrillards theories. He fails to describe what he meant by the â€Å"code,” which is how he described the relationship between consumers and consumed. At some points, he failed to realize the real positive effectiveness that the media brought with it. only when what Baudrillard brought to critic al theory was remarkable. The insights provided by him went beyond convention to explain these theories in more detail.\r\nMark Posters article brings a lot of interesting points just about the missing pieces in Marx’s theories. There were many missing pieces of Marx and some of them are pointed out from the writings of Baudrillard and Habermas. One feels that Marx did leave out many details of his work, because people do not necessarily think about working for the state in the way it was described. Marx did not realize the importance of technology and its place in society. But in his world, there would not be much room available for research and development.\r\nWhen we put technology as a big part of human evolution, good things happen as the quality of life has meliorated. The image behind everyone in society being equal sounds nice; but in practise, is rarely possible. The elements of language and technology where important to the framework of human interaction, this is one of the reasons wherefore Marx’s predictions didn’t go to plan. He did not envision the fact that politicians would use bureaucracy to further establish their control over society. This use of language was not present in earlier periods, which may be why it may have been overlooked.\r\n rising technology also changed the way language was used to further complicate the communication process. Technology also brought with it further divisions between those who have it and those who don’t. New products or technology has a conservative nature to it that is still unexplained with the critical theory of Marx. One of the reasons Marx may have failed to have predicted rampageous revolt from the masses is that they do not want fiery rebellion. Marx failed to foresee the fact that people would try to work together by creating unions and akin(predicate) institutions to protect themselves from undue distress from their work.\r\nMarx was half right in that the power ful capitalists at the time were exploiting their workers for mostly the owner’s benefit. The other half that Marx did not envision was that most people would not recognize violence; given the circumstances force became the last possible option. Technology also helped the regular working class to live comfortably by at home. Habermas picks up where Marx left in the explanation of critical theory. There were many missing pieces that Marx did not talk about; some of these were about technology and communication theories.\r\nTechnology changes over time and can be very beneficial to us; failing to see its advantages and disadvantages is ignoring a big aspect of human behaviour and actions. As technology improves, our lives improve as well and modes of production change as well. Of course the other aspect of technology is that it can be used to dominate. Marx should have explored this topic further and he would have understood the consequences better. Ignoring these ideas shows that Marx probably had his own agenda in place as he wrote his theories.\r\nHe may have deliberately left these things out in his argument to make it seem simpler than it start appeared. Maybe if he mentioned technology, it would have unresolved up a new world to mention and explain. The same can be said when it came to the communication aspect of Marx. Habermas also mentions how class struggle is bourne out of a failure in communication. This parameter has a lot of fact because it is finally the class we identify with as the class we understand. The aspirations and lives of those who are poor are different than those of the middle class or ultra-rich, and those 3 groups barely understand one another.\r\nBut these divisions will always exist †there will always be people who are well off and those who are not, even in a grand communist society. Mark Poster also writes about how Habermas tries to fill in the gaps of communication theories left unexplained by Marx. Would the masses really want a violent revolution? People do not have a thirst for warfare; it is usually forced upon them by their leaders. Having endless war to bring about easier lives does not seem too economical; so they would prefer resistance by passive means as it is understood that they are the drivers of the system.\r\nWithout their input, machinery could not move, so the â€Å"greedy capitalist” was somewhat marginalized by labour unions and laws. Marx failed to see this, even though the powder kegful was definitely in place. Habermas’s theories about the ideal speech situations are interesting. There would be very few times indeed that it would be true. It seems possibly one of the societies that come to mind that bear a place for the ideal speech would be the oral Greek tradition. A man who knows how to use speech could possibly get away with murder if he knows how to sway the audience.\r\nAgain, the ideal speech situation might not garner good things; it may pre sent powerful people with with child(p) intentions using it to dominate their society. Baudrillards arguments about Marx have also have also showed gaps about critical theory. He feels that it can be dangerous for a society to be solely reliant on commodities for the states benefit. both society has some sort of culture that it brings. Marx, in Baudrillards view, ignores culture as one of the major driving forces of society. Culture is in conclusion what decides the direction society takes and the ideas it chooses to adopt.\r\nAn idea from one culture might not be acceptable in other cultures, so it becomes difficult to transmit ideas across nations. Marx does not mention these facts and pretty much ignores them. It is difficult to understand how Marx, who was well aware of history and its nuances, could ignore such an important factor. Baudrillards analysis of products is an interesting one. It is remarkable that he could see that commodities become status symbols. This is exact ly what happens to products; they become more for show than for the function they are supposed to carry.\r\nThis is evident is the advertising that is presented in the mass media. These status symbols can become part of who we are as people, and this has always been the case throughout history; whether it is money and other precious metals and stones in the past, or Bentlys and Valentino suits today. These things cannot change under any kind of rule, so ignoring these facts means ignoring our general makeup. In missing this analysis, Marx ignores the true nature of products and production; to keep the masses quite and consumed. One of the pieces missing from Baudrillard is the proper explanation of what he meant by his â€Å"code. The reader gets a wiz of what he meant by reading and analysing his work, but a good definition would go a long way in explaining just what he was talking about here. It is unclear whether he is talking about the materialistic nature of things or the g uidelines by which they are advertised. It is remarkable that Baudrillard understood these facts; he would have witnessed firsthand, the world of advertising pickings its current form. This new form halt advertising things with simple functional messages, and started advertising them with relation to fantasies that play against our minds to capture our attention.\r\n earlier psychologists understood this and used their knowledge to help advertisers come up with these new messages. Mark Poster tries to explain the missing separate of Marx critical theory. The missing gaps were quite gapping and Jean Baudrillard and Jurgen Habermas exposed many of them. The essay delves into these gaps and tries to explain the missing pieces, as told by well known communication theorists. It seems that Marx, rather than a genuine interest in the freedom for man, has an agenda behind his writings. There as so many important gaps that he just completely ignored, so this scenario seems apparent to be t rue.\r\nTechnology and culture are important to us, without them, we can become purposeless and self destructive. Poster brought it together very well by indicating that there are many parts still to be explored, indicating the work on the complete analysis for critical theory is still incomplete. Bibliography Cohen, Esther. â€Å"The Propaganda of the Saints in the Middle Ages. ” Journal of Communication, 1981. Poster, Mark. â€Å"Critical Theory and TechnoCulture: Habermas and Baudrillard. ” In The Second Media Age. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992. ———————†[1] Poster, Mark â€Å"Critical Theory and Technoculture” pg. 97\r\n'

'Juliet Character study Essay\r'

'Juliet is 13 going on 14 on the first of August. Juliet is a Capulet, and Capulets hate Montegues. Juliet have intercourses with her p atomic number 18nts, Lord and wench Capulet and is cared for by her keep back, alone of whom are very defensive of her. Capulet explains to genus Paris â€Å"My Child is yet a st throwr in the world. ” coiffe 1 Sc2 l8. Juliet is of a game status, mainly because of her family name. Juliet’s parents are extremely protective of her, they testament not let her out of the folk with out the nurse or whiz of the servants with her, this is because she is an only child ” E maneuverh hath swallowed all my hopes exclusively she.\r\n” morsel1 Sc2 L14. It was common in the date the hornswoggle was set for Juliet to be already married, Lady Capulet comments rough this near the low of the jerk off together, she comments on how she was married and had Juliet when Lady Capulet was Juliet’s age. From Act 1 dead rec koning 5 it is evident that Juliet has never flirted in front, because she is in akin manner forward, this is shown when she kisses Romeo, but she does show signs of hiding her regainings in the resembling scene, Juliet tells the harbour to ask for peoples names who are at the ball and comes to Romeo last to depict and key it not look too obvious.\r\nI film also learnt from Act 2 scene 2 that she is very practical, when she Romeo climbs up to her balcony she says â€Å"If they do see thee, they pass on murder thee. ” Act2 Scene2 L70. Juliet is also very frank about how she feels and gets offended when Romeo says that he birth sexs her and he swears by the moon. Act2 Sc2 L107-111. Juliet is also very trusted of things and asks Romeo to get married her and she asks him to do all the arrangements Act 2 Sc2 L142-170.\r\nDuring the Play, Romeo has al appearances tried the art of Poetry with women to get them to take to his fancy. Act1 Sc1 L165-176. Juliet doesn†™t like this Act2 Sc6 L30-34, but Juliet does say that her roll in the hay for Romeo has grown so much that it doesn’t even add up to one-half her wealth. Juliet doesn’t like her love to be sworn on things she just wants love to be shown. Act2 Sc2 L107-116. The accompanimentor in the play I find very shady is Juliet’s awareness that her love with Romeo is approximately how unethical on that point love in truth is.\r\nIn Act3 Scene5 Ln54-57 Juliet is facial expression that in the future she bottom of the inning see herself looking dump into Romeo’s grave. This is ironic because this does actually travel by When the play first started I musical theme that Juliet was a good little lady friend and seemed to be very obedient, towards both parents, because when Lady Capulet asks Juliet if she’ll marry Paris she says that if she likes Paris accordingly she shall marry him, but I win’t involve myself both that without you consent. A ct1 Sc3 L97-99.\r\nWhen Juliet started to change character Act3 Sc5 to me it seemed very unusual, before this scene she seemed very obedient, but thus she just stopped, I do get a line why though, she was already to married to Romeo and didn’t want to betray him by marrying County Paris. This shows in spite of all the things she has been through Juliet still waistband Loyal to Romeo. The effect this had on Juliet’s relationship with her parents was catastrophic, her parents wanted to disown her, from her hereditary pattern â€Å"Hang thee young baggage, disobedient wretch!\r\n” Act3 Sc5 Ln160. Juliet’s parents were very unfair, cursing her, saying that they didn’t want anything to do with her any more, through out their speeches. An attribute I like about Juliet is her cunning, in they way that when after this scene, when she visits Friar Laurence and consequently returns to her home, her pay back asks her where she has been and she says s he has been to confession and told Friar Laurence that she has repented for being disobedient. Act4 Sc2 Ln16-22.\r\nI think this is very ingenious, Juliet tells her Father that she had been to confesion when unfeignedly she has been p forget me drugting to fake her own death. In Act3 Scene5 when Juliet is lecture to her sustain, she shows her cunning yet again, the way she uses a play on words to makes her mother think she is cursing Romeo when really. Act3 Sc5 Ln93-102. This also shows that Juliet is very intelligent by using these play on words. Juliet is fond of the throw who is forever and a day in that respect with Juliet. Act1 Sc 3 L8-9. This is because the guard brought Juliet up just like a mother would.\r\nThe nursemaid was employed profane Lord and Lady Capulet as a Wet take, this is because Ladies of Lady Capulet’s high status would never damage at that place bodies by breast feeding there child, and also it would disrupt her routine with having to erupt up at all hours in the night to look after a baby. The Nurse did reserve a daughter, Susan, the express(prenominal) age as Juliet but unfortunately she died at an early age. There is no particular reason why the Nurse is still employed it is just the position that Juliet has sprain attached to her and the fact that she can be used as a chaperone.\r\nThe Nurse is like Juliet’s silk hat friend and her go between with Romeo, Juliet tells the Nurse everything. In Act 2 Scene 5 Juliet goes through a range of emotions. Juliet finds the Nurse extremely frustrating and the Nurse is teasing Juliet, which provokes this, but Juliet uses her shrewdness to get what she wants in the end, the answer if Romeo will marry her. To me this shows their friendly relationship. At the end of Act3 Scene5 the Nurse betrays Juliet in a way, she doesn’t abet Juliet when she really needs it and tells her to marry Paris and to forget about Romeo.\r\nJuliet reacted to this very badly, she c urses the Nurse for abandoning her, and she says that’s she will leave to go to Friar Lawrence’s cell and if that fails then she will commit suicide. Juliet is an exceptionally weapons-grade character for her age, seeming she was kept apart from outside life for years. Juliet stood up to her parents for what she believed was cook up and disobeyed them, by not marrying Paris. Juliet was extremely hold up when she faked her own death, although she was scared of numerous problems that she tycoon face if the potion didn’t work.\r\nJuliet was scared that the Potion would deplete her, that she would wake up and die of suffocation or she will wake up and Romeo will not be there and she would defend to stay in the Crypt until he came. All she wanted to do is be with Romeo. In my own opinion I think Juliet has a great and evoke personality. She seems to me remarkably intelligent, emotionally strong, and very brave. From what Romeo has told us she looks sightly Act1 Sc5 Ln41-50 and the fact that Paris venomous in love with her straight absent and died for her also means she looked very beautiful as well.\r\nI personally would have loved to meet her or to have a friendly conversation with her about her love with Romeo. My own attitude is if Juliet had never met Romeo I would think that she would have stayed obedient, because the fact that she would have been pressured by her family to marry Paris, I know that she wouldn’t be happy, because she said earlier in Act1 Scene3 that she would â€Å"Look to like if liking move, but no more deep will I endart exploit eye than your consent gives strength to make it fly” If she did marry Paris it would have been really depressing for her and she wouldn’t feel anything for him.\r\nIn my own opinion Juliet would become boring, she would just stay the same, and wouldn’t have strength in character. She would have lived the stereotyped life of a rich Veronese char of high st atus, but even if she did live this life she would have lived a lot longer than if she had married Romeo.\r\n'

'Chowking Food Corporation Essay\r'

'1.4 Background History of the Company\r\nChowking (Chinese: è¶ç¾¤) is a Filipino-based fibril that pioneered the Asian quick-service restaurant ideal in the Philippines. The fantasy combines a Western fast- victuals service style with Chinese fodder. Chowking predominantly sells noodle soups, dimsum, and rice toppings. The political party was founded in 1985 at a time when Western-style burger joints were dominating the Philippine fast food scene. Its first retention is strategic in whollyy located at the Makati Commercial Center. In 1989, Chowking started embellishing its grocery store share amid the volatility in the domestic commercialise. It started its franchising trading operations and made its gate into the provincial markets the same social class particularly in Meycauayan, Bula fire. It also released its first Chowking TV commercial. In 1991, Chowking launches its Food Delivery religious service.\r\nAnnual brass-wide gross sales hit P118.1 Million. In 1992, Chowking Food Corporation enters the Visayas with the theory of the Bacolod Era Mall store, and Mindanao with the opening of the Limketkai surfacelet in Cagayan de Oro. Its one-year system-wide sales reach P342.8 Million as of 1993. Its annual system-wide sales hit P522 Million in 1994. In 1996, Chowking opens 100th store and the sales cast up to P1.31 one million million million. On January 1, 2000, Chowking became a wholly owned secondary of Jollibee Foods Corporation, the Philippines’ biggest fast-food stove. The change in ownership gave eject to store renovations and a rising corporate grimace and prospect that is visible from front-end to back-end. In 2008, Chowking announced the completion of a Php270-million (USD 5.65-million) modernisation program, which pass on help invest the course for the federation’s future development. Called â€Å"Project DMSSM” (pronounced â€Å"dimsum”) for â€Å"Designed, modernised and Streamline d Supply Chain and Manufacturing,” the two- course of study modernization program that started in 2006 involves the expansion and renovation of Chowking’s nodle Building, emergenced automation, and the improved integration of food manufacturing processes in its two commissaries in Muntinlupa City.\r\nThe CHOWKING FOOD society gained entrance to the Philippines’ highly agonistical fast-food industry in 1985, at a time when it was dominated by western-style burger joints. It positioned itself in a niche where it could be a strong attraction, by adopting the stovepipe features of two perspicuous restaurant personalities †on the one hand, the traditional Chinese restaurant, with its menu of delectable, sumptuous but easy-to-prepare and reasonably-priced dishes; on the other, the modern, western-style fast-food joint, with its catchy façade, bright interiors and young staff dispensing friendly and fresh service †and fused them into a unique conce pt: the Oriental quick-service restaurant. With focus on its core competencies to urinate differentiated, superior product value, Chowking has stood the test of shifting tastes, changing lifestyles and a volatile market, to develop its own set of loyal guests that keeps growing year in and year out.\r\nIn 1989, in an aggressive bid to expand its client base and capture a big share of the market, the company initiated its franchising operations and marked its entry into the provincial market. The twin moves enabled the company to pursue an aspiring(prenominal) expansion program that has made Chowking the largest Oriental quick-service (QSR) chain in the Philippines, enjoying high visibility in all the major cities and towns in the country’s primary(prenominal) island groups, Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. To get wind its continued growth, Chowking explored markets outside the Philippines. As of 2008, Chowking has everywhere four hundred stores within the Philippines and in markets such as the United States, Middle East and Indonesia. Chowking has steadily been expanding its net in make out in the Philippines. It is able to ensure the freshness of its food and the reliability of its supply through its main commissaries in Highland, Muntinlupa City and Sucat, Parañaque City as sound as satellite commissaries in Iloilo, Cebu, Cagayan de Oro, Davao, and Pangasinan.\r\nIn Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, Chowking’s commissary serves ten stores and is expanding to other areas. encourage by its success on the domestic front, the company ventured into the global market in 1995, with the opening of a Chowking store in California, USA. Today, Chowking outlets are operating in the US West Coast under a licensing agreement with a Filipino expatriate family. A similar agreement has been forged with a Dubai home(a) for the operation of Chowking stores in the Middle East. The turn of the millenary was a turning point for Chowking Food Corporation. On January 1, 2000 Chowking became a wholly owned subsidiary of Jollibee Foods Corporation, the largest, nearly respected restaurant chain in the Philippines. With the jointure came numerous changes in Chowking. The change of ownership gave rise to renovations and improvements, beginning with a fresh corporate flick made concrete by a spick-and-span retail identity. This identity manifests itself in almost all the bodily aspects of the store †the logo, façade, layout, décor, counter, menu board, furniture, equipment and all the same the staff uniforms.\r\nLaunched in June 2000, the new corporate look is worn by all new stores, mend old stores are undergoing renovation to conform to the new image. All these changes are complemented by front-end and back-end systems designed to ensure cost-efficiency, speed up service and increase customer satisfaction. Hand in hand with the new physical features is the renewed pursuit of high standards in Food, Service and Cleanlin ess (FSC), the three pillars of the restaurant business. The goal has been still is as fundamental as it is simple: To serve systematically delicious and hot food in five minutes, amid sanitary and clean-smelling surroundings.\r\nThe acquiring of the Chowking Food Corporation by the Jollibee Foods Corporation it bolsters their individual positions in the Philippine market †Jollibee as the undisputed market leader in the fast-food industry, Chowking as the No.1 Oriental quick-service restaurant chain. Jollibee lends its experience and prestigiousness as the Philippines’ dominant player in the fast-food industry, trance Chowking is poised to contribute significantly to the annual system wide sales of the Jollibee group. As they gear up for the challenges ahead, both companies are optimizing the advantages of the merger with synergies commenceed at acrid costs and improving efficiency in their stores.\r\n1.4.1 Facts and Figures\r\nnormally Chowking is just next to the leading competitors uniform Jollibee, McDonald’s, KFC, liquid ecstasy’s Restaurant and Pizza Hut. Yet, because of its world competitive in terms of services, it is on the top 10 in the food industry with the expected annual system †wide sales of almost P12 Billion with a local store network of 400 at yearend of 2010. The strategic alliance between Chowking and Jollibee has turn out mutually beneficial to both companies, bolstering their individual positions in the Philippines market †Jollibee as the undisputed market leader in the fast-food industry, Chowking as the country’s No. 1 Oriental Quick †Service restaurant chain. The hard work and vigilance curb nonrecreational off: Chowking has been logging double †digit growth in system †wide sales since 2001, the quick in the industry.\r\n1.4.2 Types of restaurants\r\n1.4.3 McDonald’s in the Philippines\r\nChowking have the Commissary in Highland, Muntinlupa City and Sucat, Pa rañaque City as comfortably as satellite commissaries in Iloilo, Cebu, Cagayan de Oro, Davao, and Pangasinan which supplies the entire earthy and processed product in all branches in the Philippines of its food to ensure the freshness and the reliability of its supply. accessibility of resources is at better(p) because ordered stocks needed come on time. Also if unexpected run out of products they can borrow from nearby branches.\r\n1.5 Wedsite Address\r\nwww.chowking.com\r\n1.6 Vision-Mission and set Statement\r\n1.6.1 Vision\r\n1.6.2 Mission\r\nOur dream:to be the largest Oriental food chain in the world. Our aim:to satisfy the discriminating needs of our global consumers by serving them consistent, High-quality food products in a friendly, feel for atmosphere at prices they can truly afford.\r\n1.6.3 value (CMITE)\r\nCORPORATE VALUES\r\nThese are the set of beliefs and set divided by the members of the Chowking family that guide us in achieving our mission and vision. These are the way we do things about here. These are the character of our organization.\r\n1. CUSTOMER CARE\r\nThe customers have preferred us over many competitors. The hard-earned money they spend in our store enables us to deal our food, salary us to earn our living that allows us to buy our food, pay for our rent, send our children to school, buy our medicine, and pay for our other needs. Therefore, they deserve no less than the best from us: our superb FSC, our heartfelt care, warm anxiety and friendly smiles.\r\n2. INTREGRITY/HONESTY\r\nBeing honest and reliable to our words and actions are God-given and invaluable treasures passed on to us by our parents, and which we will pass on to our children. We will live by its principles in our place of work, at home and in all our dealings with others. We may not be rich but can proudly look straight into the eyes of our fellowmen, because of our unstained integrity.\r\n3. INDUSTRY\r\nThe only sure way to prosperity and to havi ng access to God’s rich blessings is being industrious. Fate is kind, luck smiles and opportunities abound to the hardworking.\r\n4. COMMITMENT/ dedication\r\nChowking is the fountain spring of our livelihood. It is an extension of our home. We will give it our best. We believe that we are not an insignificant parting of what makes Chowking great. We will be forever proud of our company and ever vigilant to keep it always keep down one.\r\n5. RESPECT / TEAMWORK\r\nNo man is an island. Life lived and shared with others is a meaningful and happy one at all times. As the golden rule states: â€Å"I will do to others as I would like it done to me.\r\n6. CHEERFUL / FUN\r\nHaving fun †rejoiced and laughing to our heart’s delight as we work hard in giving our best †keeps us energized and inspired. In all things we do, it never makes us tired or bored. It gives meaning, and even adds healthy eld to our lives.\r\n7. PASSION FOR EXCELLENCE\r\nWe aim for the best. We drive ourselves to be the best. We take every day as a learning experience. We seize all opportunities to improve our skills, increase our knowledge, and be better persons today than we were yesterday.\r\n'

'Resource Based View Essay\r'

'The mid-eighties witnessed the emergence of a evolution body of work collectively labelled the alternative and capability- found determine of the incorruptible (RBV). In reality, vision competence View (RCV) kickoff adopted an â€Å"economic” orientation. induct studies (Wernerfelt, 1984) , Barney, 1986, 1991, Dierickx and Cool, 1989, Peteraf, 1993) focused on the type of resources and competencies that could offer to its owner a sustain commensurate competitory wages. Therefore, resources and competencies go on introductory appe bed as a speculation of warring good or a theory of â€Å" slaying of the smashed” (Argyres & axerophthol; Zenger, 2007). It is besides late(a)ly, in the last 20 years that institutions chip in started using the resource establish regard preliminary on strategy. Nowadays, they view it as the most outstanding key inducement in international business interrogation and strategical cargon, an progression that gives a coherent vision establish on a loyal’s capabilities to help squargon off the strategic resources necessary for the firm’s selection and growth within a particular grocery store lead.\r\nAs Hitt et al (2001) supposed, â€Å"the resource base computer simulation assumes that for each one system is a collection of anomalous resources and capabilities that provides the basis for its strategy and that is the primary source of return.”. It suggests that in order for a firm to sustain rivalrous expediency, it must(prenominal) non only have resources and capabilities just now as well have a firm determine over it and they must meet certain prefatorial criteria such as being: valuable, r atomic number 18, inimitable and non synonymous such that it is impossible to be copied or replicated (VRIN). Although a resource based view strategy sounds equivalent the better way to go, others have wondered if this approach is at all necessary or bring any to a greater extent than insight than the traditional understandings into a triple-crown strategy to survive and thrive into a militant market, strategy that will allow the firm to have a good private-enterprise(a) profit.\r\nIn this review, we designate to elucidate the concepts behind the resource based view strategy and its use by managers. Furthermore, we aim to inflate on its values just also dis services moving on to a critical analysis of this emerging approach to strategy and free-enterprise(a) good from the point of view of well known authors such as M. porters beer (1980,1985) who believes that outdoor(a) occurrenceors mainly contribute to a firm’s hawkish advantage and Jay Barney (1991) who criticizes the narrow approach of a resource based view on agonistic advantage, mainly the homogeneity it gives to firms resources.\r\nRESOURCE ground VIEW : A review article\r\nThe RBV has emerged after the industrial work of Michael ostiarius and Rick Perry , who stated that companies must get to a private-enterprise(a) advantage based on external factors. In fact, the RBV suggests that differences in gainfulness between firms in the said(prenominal) ara be much more important than inter sector profitability differences which was its founding idea. The resource-based view (RBV) has become one of the most influential and cited theories in the history of oversight theorizing.\r\nIt aspires to explain the inseparable sources of a firm’s free burning belligerent advantage (SCA). Its central overture is that if a firm is to make a state of SCA, it must acquire and control valuable, rare, inimitable, and non substitutable (VRIN) resources and capabilities, confident(p) have the organization (O) in a place that sight absorb and follow through them (Barney, 1991a, 1994, 2002). This proposition is dual-lane by some(prenominal) pertaind analyses: core competences (Hamel & angstrom unit; Prahalad, 1994), dynamic capabilities (Helfat & ampere; Peteraf, 2003; Teece, Pisano, & Shuen, 1997), and the knowledge-based view (Grant, 1996b). condition its elegant simplicity and its immediate face validity, the RBV’s core message is appealing, easily grasped, and easily taught.\r\n1 FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE RESOURCE BASED VIEW :Models based on resources and skills, Resource Based View and competence Based View\r\nThe resources and competences are expressed by certain knowledge (know-how , know-machine ,distribute knowledge) Resources are defines as as cross offs own or controlled permanently by the firm to develop and implement its strategy. There are six types: fiscal Resources : CAF, debt ratio, volume TR ;\r\nHuman Resources : number of employees, qualification, experience,intelligence ; Physical resources : work sites and their geographical location, land,stocks ; Organizational Resources : information systems, ISO standards, procedures,coordination mechanisms ; Technological resources : know-h ow, patents ;\r\nReputational Resources : brand, spirit ;\r\nThe approach based on the resources insures that the order more than the manufacture, constitutes the relevant level of analysis to explain the performance (Barney, 1991; Rumelt, 1984; Wernerfelt, 1984). The organization is rehabilitated as an actor ; the firms are able to accumulate resources and competences which are transformed into advantage on the competitors if they are rare, creative of grade, non-substitutable and difficult to observe (Barney, 1991; Dierickx and Cool, 1989) try figure 1.\r\n5 tests to assess the strategic value of competencies:\r\nFigure 1. Barney J.B. (1991), Firm resources and carry on private-enterprise(a) advantage, daybook of Management, vol. 17, pp.99-120\r\nThe firm is non designed any more like a wallet of products or markets, but like a wallet of resources. It is not the guest requirements who determines the strategy, but the resources and competencies which the company possess : the competing advantage is to be sought in-house (See Table 1).\r\nCompetencies indicate the organizational mental object to deploy the resources in the form of combination to achieve a goal, which implies the idea of a training by combining several resources.\r\n2 A CRITIQUE OF THE RESOURCE BASED VIEW attempt\r\nThe Resource based view approach has been subject to several brushups ,some of which suggest that it is a very restrict shape , very hard to apply and its variables arousenot be clarified. all in all of these critiques could be faced with more explanations of the (RBV)’s variables,boundaries,and applicability. On the other hand, some critiques are holy terrorening the (RBV) perplex, these critiques are concerned with the limitations of the defining two concepts of the (RBV) model which are : resources and value which entail some problems and affecting the explanations of a firm’s competitive advantage. These critiques could be categorize as follow : \r\nStudies argue that (VRIN) criteria is not substantive to the understanding of SCA as (Kraaijenbrink et al) (2010) mention (Foss and Knudsin) (2003) arguing that it’s mainly uncertainty is one of the basics to achieve SCA , Furthermore, stating that other conditions only when additional . These comments suggest ‘ fundamental frequency disagreement about the nature of markets , individuals , and resources and the roles these play in generating SCA (Kraaijenbrink et al, 2010). Individual’s, entrepreneurs, and manager’s judgement and models are not sufficiently recognized by the (RBV) to the critique which argues that the (RBV) limits the entrepreneurial and managerial skills.\r\nThis critique outlines the importance of a firm’s environment whilst arguing that (RBV) is by and large focused inward and dismisses the external environment which is important for assessing the main strength and weaknesses of an organization , which essentially leads to achieving competitive advantage ; it also leads to the issue of value world , and environmental assessment , internally and externally , are essential to value creation and strategic positioning. Connor (2002) argues that the (RBV) is limited to large firms (with signifi shadowert market power) , furthermore, SME’s cannot be sometimes assessed by their resources when it comes to SCA resulting in their fallout of the (RBV) . at long last , adding that (RBV) applicability can , in most cases, relate to firms pursuing SCA.\r\n1 PORTER’S cardinal FORCES (P5F) AND RBV\r\nOn one hand, the RBV model supports the idea that a firm can sustain competitive advantage by having steeply superior resources and these resources are delineated in the VRIN criteria . In other words, sustaining a competitive advantage depends on the ability to integrate a group of extreme resources to provide the firm with its atomic number 82 position . According to Barney (1991,1994,2002) â€Å"R BV central proposition is that a firm is to achieve a state of SCA , it must acquire and control valuable, rare, inimitable,and non-substitutable (VRIN) resources and capabilities , plus have the organization (O) in place that can absorb and apply them” , which would lead the firm to earn a gigantic surplus. On the other hand, Micheal Porter believes that for a firm to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage it has to focus on its external environments, have a strategic positioning in its industry or intended industry and this strategic positioning is direct by five-spot industry-level forces namely;\r\nEntry barriers, Buyers negociate power, Suppliers bargaining power, Threats of step ins and Rivalry among existing industry. He specifies that finding a strategic fit within an industry gives a firm an edge over its rivals and can lead to a sustainable competitive advantage. A company can outperform rivals only if it can establish a difference that it can have-to doe with (Porter, 2000) and how can you establish this difference? By by design choosing a different set of activities to deliver a unique mix of value e.g. Southwest Airlines, IKEA. However, It is distinctly noticed that one of the big differences between twain models (Resource based view and Porter’s five forces) is that they differ in the approach used. The RBV focus only on the firm’s resources but the P5F model is based on the industry itself.\r\nAnother affinity between both views are the description of resources in the RBV that it’s inimitable matching the concept of threat of new entrants in P5F . Also the threat of substitute in the P5F model sounds similar to the attributive of resources that it is non-substitutable in the RBV. Both models put the concept of earning superior net income as an objective of any firm, similarly both agree that the way to achieve that surplus is by sustaining competitive advantage , but when it comes to how to sustain thi s competitive advantage they differ ; P5F SCA by gaining a high profit on the long-term , contrarily the RBV considers SCA by preventing rivals or competitors to acquire the same advantage . At some point, both RBV and P5F may look conflicting , in reality both complement each other when integrated .\r\n2 JAY BARNEY AND RBV\r\nAccording to Barney,Mcwilliams & Turk (1989) it is stated that a sustained competitive advantage has been defined as to be an advantage obtained as a result of a firm’s strategy not being implemented by other firms as well but that cannot be replicated but point out the fact that it does not refer to â€Å"how long” that advantage is in fact sustained. Porter (1985) and Rumelt (1984) said that the basis for sustaining a competitive advantage in the market is to understand its sources. Porter mostly believes that focusing solely on external factors (opportunities, threats of new intrants,etc…) gives a firm better chances of orbit a sus tained competitive advantage. For Barney (1991), the basis to sustaining a competitve advantage is by formulating a strategy that is based on internal strenghts but acquired through responding to external factors such that there is synergy between internal and external factors and thus heterogeinity and immobility to the firm’s resources (Barney & Hoskisson, 1989).\r\nHe argues that a firm simply cannot rely on the even dispersion of its resources (same strategic capabilities, human and organizational capital (Barney,1991)) throughout the organization (focus that gives homogeinity and mobility of resources) to achieve a sustained competitive advantage as any other firm with the same resources can have the same competitive advantage in the market. Also, efficiency and effectiveness can be improved to the same extend and therefore the competitive advantage cannot be described as â€Å"sustained” (Barney,1991). However, it can be argued that an homogenous and mobile set of resources can also lead a sustained competitive advantage on a â€Å"first come, first served” basis where the firm that has access to distribution channels, develop good will customers and a verifying reputation first gains a sustained competitive advantage as they would have established themselves forwards other firms had a chance to do so.\r\nBarney (1986) also highlights the concept of â€Å"Strategic Factor Market.” He explained that harmonise to the strategy, strategic factor market in which the company must draw differ. For example, for an innovation strategy, the factor to consider may be the competence in research and development. He added that if the strategic factor market is not perfect, it will not be possible for a firm to extract superior economic performance. Barney is therefore concerned with allowing the firm to distinguish themselves from others, and it sets up the theory of competitive advantage â€Å"sustainable”. This type of ga in ground resulting resources respecting the criterion called â€Å"VRIN” (resources must be: valuable, rare, difficult to imitate and imperfectly substitutable to provide the firm a sustainable competitive advantage).\r\n3 ISSUES FOR PRACTICING MANAGERS IN ADOPTING THE RBV APPROACH\r\nHaving looked at the critique of the RBV one can undoubtedly say that practicing managers may encounter some issues in adopting this approach. The RBV is a very complex approach. Thus to stool or maintain a competitive advantage managers must often and extensively simplify (Russo & Schoemake, 1989). Managers are often faced with the challenges of identifying, developing, protecting and deploying of firm’s resources and capabilities such that they can gain a sustainable competitive advantage over rivals. What are the criteria for identifying? Often times they ask what resources or capabilities do we have that rivals do not have or cannot immediately imitate and how can we achieve a sustainable competitive advantage with it.\r\nThey run the luck of retaliation from rival firms which can render their competitive advantage static or useless as it is sometimes impossible for them to know the level or worth of their rivals resources or capabilities. What capabilities to develop, what resources to deploy are issues which can result to intra organizational conflicts among various departments in the firm. In adopting the RBV approach managers are likely to face a considerable uncertainty and ambiguity arising from shifts in buyers’ pick or taste, social values, economic and political trends, recent/ upcoming technologies, rivalry in the industry (competitive actions) etc… (strategic watchfulness Journal Vol 14,1993).\r\nCONCLUSION\r\nREFERENCES\r\nBarney, J.B. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, journal of management 17:99-120. Barney, J.B. McWilliams,A. , Turk,T. 1989.\r\nOn the relevance of the concept of entry barriers in the t heory of competitive strategy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the strategic managemt society, San Francisco. Lieberman,M.B, & Montgomery, D.B. 1998. First mover advantages, Strategic management journal, 9:41-58. Porter,M. 1980. warring strategy. New York. Free Press.\r\nPorter, M. 1985. agonistic advantage. New York. Free Press. Porter,M. 2000. What is Strategy? Harvard Business Review.\r\nRumelt,R. 1984. Towards a strategic theory of the firm. In R. Lamb (Ed.), Competitive strategic management: 556-570. Englewoods Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall. Wernerfelt, B. 1984. A resource based view of the firm. Strategic management Journal. 5:171-180.\r\n'

'Materials Management Proposal\r'

'Materials and operations management play a crucial role in the success of both organization. Of pop outicular importance to the materials and operations divisions is management’s complete empathiseing of the infirmarys operates as a hale entity. After reading this paper, ane testament understand the importance of materials management and operations management as s salutary as how both plane sections essential produce together to ensure the infirmary runs efficiently and brinytains profitability.\r\nFurther more, unriv each(prenominal)ed will also understand the importance of a interpret twine and possible constraints to the implementation of the tend out. Additionally, sensation will understand the effects of a radical col intentnessative planning dish up and why such(prenominal) a process is beneficial to the infirmary. Finally, suggestions will be given to enable the hospital to manage the tote up bowed stringed instrument in postures of disaster. R ole of Materials and Operations heed Materials management is perhaps the near meaning(a) part of health cargon as â€Å"total expenditures bottomland total nearly 50% of a hospitals budget” (Langabeer, 2008, p. 41).\r\nMaterials conductors ar held responsible for umteen functions. However, the most important attribute a materials manager mustinessiness bring is coordination. â€Å"Materials management directs the health care supply string by coordinating the flow of goods from manufacturers, through distributors, through hospital receiving docks, to the point of ultimate do or purpose” (Langabeer, 2008, p. 242). Operations management is another important function of a hospital. Healthcare operations management is the denary management of the supporting job trunks and processes that transform resources (or inputs) into healthcare services (outputs)” (Langabeer, 2008, p. 6).\r\nJust as materials managers take a crap many another(prenominal) functi ons and closings, so too do operations managers. signalize functions of the operations manager accommodate â€Å"workflow, physical layout, qualification design, physical network optimization, staffing levels, productivity management, supply range of mountains and logistics management, quality management, and process engineering” (Langabeer, 2008, p. ). Goals of the operations manager overwhelm reducing damages, reducing variability and up(a) logistics flow, alter productivity, improving the quality of client service, and unendingly improving business processes (Langabeer, 2008). However, the most important goal operations managers must strongly believe when implementing a materials management plan is reducing be. Operations managers have many opportunities to reduce costs.\r\nCosts can be reduced by analyzing budgets, spaning resources, and finding shipway to reduce product and services costs. â€Å"Finding waste, improving utilization, and primarily stabiliz ing and reducing the overall cost of delivering services are essential functions” (Langabeer, 2008, p. 9). The most legal way for operations managers to reduce costs is to personality all aspects of the organization and periodically review upgrade either monthly or quarterly. A hospital with appropriate tracking and management systems will be much more likely to reduce costs because it understands the underlying cost structure” (Langabeer, 2008, p. 9). A a couple of(prenominal) ship canal materials management influences operations management are as follow up ons: â€Å"the nature of the activities” in the materials management department â€Å"is actually quite operational, they have an impact on downstream departments and patient satisfaction, they are labor-intensive processes, and many times they draw from the same labor endowment fund pool” (Langabeer, 2008, p. 244).\r\nConstraints to the Supply Chain Constraints are fateful and every organization is prone to them whether the organization is in the manufacturing sector or service sector. A few constraints hospitals face include â€Å"managing supply levels, higher labor costs, space constraints, and multiple product classifications” ( sentient Health, 2007). Considering the supra constraints, the important goal of both operations and materials managers is to reduce costs. The most beneficial way for hospitals to overcome constraints as hearty as reduce costs is to automate the supply chain. Supply automation is the use of technology to streamline inventory, consumption, charging and ordering procedures. Extype Ales of this include the use of bar codes or radio frequency identification to identify and track inventory as it moves throughout the supply chain” (Sentient Health, 2007, p. 2). However before implementation can begin, the hospital must evaluate the advantages of automation as well as the factors the hospital must consider when decision making to impl ement such a system.\r\nAccording to Sentient Health (2007), the advantages of automation include â€Å"reduced manual of arms effort, greater information accuracy, meliorate inventory performance, remedyd cash flow, improved space utilization, and improved purchasing decisions” (p. 3). While understanding the benefits of such a system is important to the process, knowing which areas the system will have an effect on is detrimental to the hospitals implementation success.\r\nFactors to consider before implementing such a system include â€Å"mobility, ease of use, cost/budget/objectives, flexibility/ease of integration, and reporting” (Sentient Health, 2007, p. 3). Effects and Justification of a juvenile Collaborative Planning Process Although automation is one option for the hospital to reduce costs and improve supply irons, other options such as gross revenue and operations planning (S& international ampere;OP) and collaborative planning, forecasting, and rep lacement (CPFR).\r\nThe main strain of S&OP is to machinate demand and supply with the intention of increasing the hospital’s profitability (Langabeer, 2008). To ensure the S&OP process is successful, the hospitals operations management must focus on four key principles: (1) provide a commonplace base of information close to the warm market dynamics; (2) manage supply chain performance; (3) manage product portfolios collaboratively; and (4) create business plans and scenarios in which departments can share.\r\nAccording to Langabeer (2008), â€Å"benefits from the S&OP process include better cross-functional alignment, gap analysis, more efficient resource planning, and more effective use of promotional resources” (p. 338). CPFR is another option easy to the hospital. â€Å"CPFR seeks to improve the kinship between retailers and suppliers with the intent to achieve good collaboration and improve the sharing of information around consumer point-of-s ales data through the retail supply chain to improve overall chain performance” (Langabeer, 2008, p. 338).\r\nThe main difference between CPFR and the other two options available to reduce costs and improve supply bondage is a set of guidelines operations managers must follow during implementation. The guidelines are as follows: (1) share a common philosophy among all parties of implementation; (2) operations managers must use specific definitions and detail into the business process; (3) operations managers must ensure data resulting from the process is precise, easily accessible, and understood completely by all parties taking part in the process.\r\nFinally, for CPFR to be successful, milestones must be set. Particular milestones of importance to the hospital â€Å"include an improvement in forecasting accuracy, improvements in customer service levels or fill rates to providers, increase product line availability, reduction of inventory levels, and generally better financ ial cash flows” (Langabeer, 2008, p. 340-341). Coping in a Disaster Situation\r\nDisaster situations are difficult to plan for because disasters are unpredictable. However, materials and operations managers must understand the implications a disaster situation has on the hospital as well as ways to effectively handle such a situation to ensure patient safety, customer satisfaction, and profitability go on a priority. Richey (2009) refers to a pyramid when discussing supply chains in disaster situations.\r\nThe composition of the pyramid includes the interest tiers: capstone-resource management; left-facing front corner-collaboration, which is based on the relationship management theory; right-facing front corner-communication, which is based on communication theory; and back corner-contingency planning, which is based on the competing values theory. According to Richey (2009, p. 621), he interconnection” of the above principles include â€Å"(1) finding ways to effect ively participator and develop improving collaborative relationships built of long-run commitment; (2) fostering information development and commutation for facilitating strategic planning based in modified safeguarding; and (3) developing contingency programs that incorporate the flexibility for responding to the inevitable changes in expected events while pursuing sometimes inconsistent goals.\r\nConclusion Materials and operations management work hand-in-hand to ensure the hospital runs as efficiently as possible. Furthermore, understanding all aspects of the supply chain will ensure materials and operations managers are readily furnish to deal with situations of disaster. However, operations and materials managers must understand the importance of such a concept. Understanding how to handle such a situation will ensure materials and operations managers the ability to maintain order as well as patient safety and continued profitability.\r\n'

'Fighting for Our Rights\r'

'I fork out been smasher to many movements and many c angstrom unitaigns that involve decents of those concerned. Human rights, tool rights, women’s rights, child rights, minority rights, prisoner’s rights, right to freedom, right to education, right to potable water, right to fight, right to eat, right to sleep, rights of the aged, rights of the marginalised, rights of refugees and war victims, rights of these and rights of those, rights of the left and rights of the right, etc,etc.\r\nThe come is endless. It is not my intention to mock those who are execrable and those whose rights have beendeprived alone I at generation wonderwhy the activists and concerned souls who are serving the deprived wear down’t want to delve into their own duties and the duties & responsibilities of those whoserights they search to support, uphold and cheer.\r\nFor after all(prenominal)(prenominal), rights and duties are the twain sides of the same coin, just as rem embering and forgetting are The problem has assumed such epic proportions in the West that parents are even scared to revenge their own children for fear of invoking the wrath of the child rights activists who seem to forget that in the long run a certain amount of discipline is good forthe children whose rights they attend to support and vouch for. I therefore wear they have n invariably heard of the saying â€Å" lay aside the rod and spoil the child”.\r\nThe lack of discipline, celebrate and values may all be attri plainlyed to this forgetfulness of duties. I am comp allowely in favour of physical rights and protecting the natural surroundings of animals but let me tell you about a champion of the surroundings and animal rights whom I had the misfortune of meeting during my bear in Chennai. The soulfulness in question is an illustrious personality with undisputable credentials but if you were ever to walk into the office of the aforementioned you will assure tha t the way the staff there are handle is worse than the way animal haters would care for an animal.\r\nThis person has completely forgotten that it is not plainly our trade to protect animals but it is similarly our vocation not to treat creation like animals. Not only do we have to take care of theenvironment at large but we should also realize that we should provide an ideal environment for our subordinates to work, grow and flourish. I’m not lecture merely of the physical environment but also of the environment wherein the individual employee is treated humanely so that he or she realizes that it is their duty to work harder and go to better.\r\nI am also a crocked rememberr in the right of children to good and character education but I do conceptualize that it is also the duty of these children who are provided this quality educationto treat their teachers, parents and the general publicwith prize and love. I consider in the rights of the aged but I cannot simp ly acceptor pardon those aged who during their better and younger days failed to pull through their duties as a parent and therefore do not obtain the love or see of their children who then disown them and abandon them to their ownends.\r\nI believe in the rights of war victims and refugees but I alsobelieve that it is the duty of such victims and refugees to see that they respect their aggressors and also respect the laws of the legions country that provided refuge rather than go into a fifth column within the host country. I believe in the right of all to uninterrupted supply of potable water but I also believe that it is the duty of allto ensure that they do not pollute the water beginning and damage the water table. I believe in the rights of minorities but I also believe that it is the duty of the said minorities to treat their majority brethren with love and respect.\r\nI believe in my right to believe in a lot of things but also believe that it is my duty to fulfill a lot of responsibilities. thus my dear friends may I beseech each and everyone of you who may chance upon this post to obtain and approve your rights with a senseof duty and responsibility for as I mentioned earlier rights and duties are two sides of the same coin. If only each one of us were to enjoy our rights with a sense of responsibility and duty, the world would certainly be a better place to live in.\r\n'

'Generative Grammar\r'

'FOUNDATIONS IN GENERATIVE GRAMMARAny undecidedive speaker of a lyric can be said to hump the grammar of his/her own speech, they know how to form and interpret whatever expression. However, this well-formed knowledge is subconscious. Native speaker train grammatical competency in their native run-in. This room that they keep up tacit knowledge of the grammar of their own lang. We construct to make a difference between competence (the fluent native speakers tacit knowledge of his lang) and carrying into action (what people actually differentiate and understand, the use of the language). Criteria of enoughBasically, the criteria of adequacy ar 2: descriptive adequacy ( world(a)ity) and instructive adequacy. 1. A grammar is descriptively fitting if it correctly describes whether a sequence of words is or isnt grammatical and likewise correctly describes what interpretation(s) this sequence has. 1. 1. The goal of a descriptive linguist is to devise particular grammars of particular languages, trance that of a theoretical linguist is to devise a conjecture of grammar. This is a crop of hypotheses about the constitution of possible and impossible grammars of ignorant(p) languages and about the unlettered properties that natural langs do and dont ingest.An adequate theory of grammar mustiness satisfy the bill of adequacy known as universal pro correctity. This means that a theory of grammar must modify us to devise a descriptively adequate grammar for every natural lang. The main goal of fat Grammar is to build a theory of popular Grammar. 2. This theory of UG will not only list the universal properties of natural lang grammars, only when also explain the pertinent properties â€i. e. why grammar take hold the properties they do. This requirement is referred to as explanatory adequacy. Language FacultyAccording to Chomsky, the most plausible explanation for symmetry and quick-wittedness lies in that the course of acquisition i s unyielding by a biologically endowed innate language competency within the brain, which provides children with a genetically transmitted set of procedures for dieing a grammar on the al-Qaida of their linguistic experience (the speech excitant they receive). The hypothesis that the course of lang acquisition is determined by an innate language faculty is known as the innateness hypothesis. The major tenets of this hypothesis ar: 1. The innate language faculty is unique to humans. . All humans possess this ability of lang acquisition. 3. The uniformity character suggests that children have a genetic guidance in the task of building a grammar of their native lang. 4. Despite performance errors in the input, children acquire a competence grammar, which again points to the fact that the acquisition ability must be genetically determined. 5. Although no superfluous care is taken to get a line them, children acquire languages successfully, which again supports the genetic char acter of lang acquisition. Principles We have claimed that children have a genetically endowed language faculty.If so, what are the defining properties of the language faculty? The lang faculty must include a set of principles of Universal Grammar, in the sense that the lang faculty must be much(prenominal) as to allow the child to develop a grammar of any natural lang on the basis of a sufficient speech input. If these principles are universal their application in one language should happen upon evidence of their application in other langs. The underlie rule to construct a particular social organization in one language will be part of a general principle of UG. (1) a. bloody shame will propound me the truth. b. Will bloody shame regulate me the truth? Move the second word in a sentence in front of the first word) (2) a. The girl in the corner will tell me the truth. b. *Girl the in the corner….? | | |STRUCTURE dependance PRINCIPLE | |All grammatical operations are bu ilding-dependent. | To explain grammaticality and ungrammaticality we should rely on general principles such as the Structure Dependence Principle, although in all(prenominal) language this principle will be move into something more concrete:Move an attachment in front of a preceding noun expression which functions as its subject. This rule makes use of geomorphologic information which is subconsciously available to all humans, although people dont know what an auxiliary is. Also this rule accounts for the contrast in (3): (3) a. Mary told me the truth. b. *Told Mary the truth? as we have employ inversion to a non-auxiliary. A theory of grammar which posits that the sexual structure of words, phrases and clauses in natural lang is determined by innate UG principles minimizes the burden of grammatical scholarship enforce on the child.This is quite important given the learnability criterion of adequacy for any theory of grammar. The UG theory accounts for the rapidity of the chi lds grammatical development by positing that in that location is a universal set of innately endowed grammatical principles which determine the nature of grammatical structure and the flap of grammatical operations found in natural lang. Since these UG principles dont have to be learned, the UG theory minimizes the learning level placed on the child and as a consequence maximizes the learnability of natural language grammars. ParametersAlthough the lang faculty involves a set of UG principles, all aspects of the grammatical structure of language are not determined by innate gramm. principles. Otherwise all languages would have the same structure and there would not be any structural learning in lang acquisition. So although there are universal principles which control the overall structure of a lang, there are also language-particular aspects of grammatical struct which children have to learn as part of acquiring their native lang. Acquisition involves structural learning, which is limited to a set of parameters.Parameters are those aspects of grammatical structure which are subject to lang-particular variation. Examples of parameters: 1. Null subject parameter: languages which permit negligence of the subject of a finite verb and langs that do not. (4) a. maria come pasta. b. Come pasta. (5) a. Mary eats pasta. b. * eat pasta. 2. Wh-parameter: languages which permit fronting of the wh-phrase or not. (6) a What do you theorise he will say? b. ?Que piensas que el dira? c. Ni xiangxin ta hui shuo shenme you think he will say whatEnglish and Spanish Wh-phrases move to the beginning of the interrogative clause, exactly Chinese Wh-phrase remains in situ. 3. Head position parameter: the relative positioning of heads with respect to their complements. Head-first languages and Head-last langs. (7) a. rigorous the door b. Moonul dadala. door close (8) a. craving for change. b. byunhwa-eadaehan kalmang change-for desire 4. Discourse/Agreement Prominence: Miyaga wa (2005) claims that languages can be classified according to whether they are focus or agreement prominent.On the basis of his classification, there are languages which overtly instantiate the notion of topic (Korean or Japanese), there are also languages which put a special emphasis on agreement marking (English), but additionally there are languages which show both(prenominal) (Spanish). >>> Jimenez (2008, 2009) 9) a. dasheeno-ga hon-o katta. Taro-NOM book-ACC bought ‘Taro bought a book’. b. Hon-o Taroo-ga katta. Book-ACC Taro-NOM bought ‘A book, Taro bought’. 10) a. Mary likes syntax. b. *Syntax Mary likes. (11) a.Susana corto los tulipanes. (S-V-O) Susana carvingpast3sg the tulips ‘Susana cut the tulips. ’ b. Los tulipanes(,) los corto Susana. (O-cl-V-S) The tulips, CL3pl,masc cut Susana ‘The tulips, Susana cut’. Parameter-setting Parameters involve binary choices, so structural variation between langs is constrai ned. The only structural learning that children have to face is the task of setting the prehend value for each of the relevant structural parameters >>>>> parable of the switch in the up or overmaster position.\r\n'

'A Significant Symbol in U.S. Contemporary History Essay\r'

'The statement above is retributory iodin of the s everal famous and affecting quotes from a former chairman of the United States of the States, Dwight David Eisenhower. In this neat and concise statement, his general principles, beliefs, and ideologies may be observed. This public with a huge subject matter for pacification and human race has been perceived by gazillions of the Statesns as a convoluted yet upright and high-profiled symbol of the goernment over the decades.\r\nHowever, this man who has been looked up to by the whole of the States may be discovered to have sphacelate beginningsâ€brought up from a transparent family, he was an comely boy who grew up to fulfill not bad(p) dreams and great aspirations for the United States of America. On the 14th day of October in 1890, Dwight David Eisenhower, of David Eisenhower, a mechanic, and Ida Elizabeth Stover, a religious pacifist, was born (Kelly). As a child, he had to help his family and work with unornament ed effort in order to suffice their prevalent necessities.\r\nHe was brought up in a transparent yet very religious environment where mountain are exposed to real-life plain-living (The Eisenhower Foundation). He was born in Denison, Texas, but they lastly moved to Abilene in Kansas where he spent his early education in reduce community schools. During this stage of his life, he was raised to be a fun loving youth who was hypnotised with the western United Statesern American hi study and had al centerings conceive of of getting into college and obtaining a degree which was considered an extravagance for families handle his during that time (The Eisenhower Foundation).\r\nIt was in Abilene where he had his early foundations, and it was as advantageously as the place where he acquired his early values which eventu eithery molded him to what pile know him forâ€a imposing and principled individual. Eisenhower joined the U. S. Military at West Point, New York on the 14th d ay of June in 1911 (â€Å"Dwight David Eisenhower”). Here, he was made into a principled and expert fighter which helped him to reach the rank of here and now lieutenant on September 1915. This was the start of his career in the forces which have been a difficult battle and a rich learning experience as well for the fighter Eisenhower.\r\nIn his entire military career, he has been blessed with the might of an ultimate warrior and a fair mind of a just draw. He has been part of several historical events such as McArthur’s venture to the Philippine Islands and the First and Second World War (â€Å"Dwight David Eisenhower”). Eventually, he was adequate to become several recognitions due to his selfless and self-sacrificing returns for the United States. On the 4th day of November in 1952, he was awarded with the superlative authority an American citizen could ever have; he became the thirty-fourth president of the Unites States of America (The Eisenhower Foundation).\r\nAs it egresss, the presidents of the world are given this special(a) privilege of being immortalized through and through their works and principles. However, hatful may still question why a individual such as Dwight Eisenhower should be remembered when all the other presidents seem to have done the equivalent thing: to serve the res publica. As Eisenhower ventured in the greatest challenge to tackle America, he was faced with severe challenges through the problems and obstacles in the political and economic sectors. The American values and the national security have been seat in great risk by the decently Europe and Asia which vexed the newly appointed president (Dwight D.\r\nEisenhower Memorial Commission). Yet, despite these challenges, he maintained his fuck off on his strategies and game-plans on how he can make it every battle that the country was facing at that time, such as the Cold War which he skillfully handled with utmost determination. In addi tion, as Eisenhower went through the most difficult and complex challenges as a president, he was able to maintain the balance in the national budget, the credibility of the country’s pecuniary responsibility, and the public works that were significant in the lives of his people.\r\nHe became remarkable in his efforts to establish sturdy innovations to the government as a whole and to his presidency in order to improve not just the country’s infrastructures but withal the morale and self-regard of the government (Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission). Eisenhower also had that incomparable core group for his people. He recognized the needs and the grievances of the less gilt Americans which led him to establish agencies like the Department of health and the Education and Welfare in 1953, season he also made improvements in the Social credentials through increased benefits for millions of Americans (Dwight D.\r\nEisenhower Memorial Commission). These were ju st almost of his simple yet very significant efforts that pass on forever rest in Americans’ memories as he left them after a long heart ailment on the solemn day of work on 28, 1969 uttering his last words, â€Å"I want to go; theology take me. ” (The Eisenhower Foundation). Among the m both presidents that the United States has met, Dwight Eisenhower created a inequality as inspired by his upbringing. It provided him enough fearlessness and determination to reach greater heights.\r\nIt may appear that the function and role of the American president is one of the hardest and most complicated in the world. Yet, to think that Eisenhower was able to go through it while maintaining a sacred and fair heart is also commendable. A draw who does not allow his power and authority to rule his heart has also been attributed to Eisenhower by the people themselves. This is because while he was a man who was very well exposed to violence and wars, he spoke of peace and freed om from strife.\r\nOver his years of service, aside from literally fighting for his nation and helping to winning the wars, he was able to win the trust and confidence of his people through keeping his values and morale in his leadership strategy. Truly, it may be hard to set a perfect leader. Nevertheless, finding a leader like Eisenhower who had a sense of humor and equity at the same time can also be one in a million chances. Considering the accounts of history which set up stories of Eisenhower as a virtuoso of America, it may appear that he indeed compete a significant role in the U. S. modern-day history.\r\nA man who led a simple life as a child and grew up to become the person with the highest authority in America but never abused his powers for wealth and person-to-person interest is indeed worthy of remembrance. Indeed, no person must be judged according to his or her roots. Certainly, societal status does not in any way make a discerning factor to tell the worth an d value of a person, because if there is any symbol and example who best represents a story of humble roots to the height of glory and keep in America, it would be undeniably someone like former death chair Dwight Eisenhower of the United States.\r\nWorks Cited Bancroft, David G. â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower: 34th President (1953-1961). ” USA Patriotism. 2002. 24 November 2008 <http://www. usa-patriotism. com/quotes/eisenhower. htm>. Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission. wherefore Memoralize Eisenhower?. 27 August 2008. 24 November 2008 <http://www. eisenhowermemorial. org/whymemorializeike. htm>. â€Å"Dwight David Eisenhower”. The Eisenhower Library entropy Resources. September 2000. Ibiblio. 24 November 2008 <http://www. ibiblio.\r\norg/lia/president/EisenhowerLibrary/_General_Materials/DDE_ life history. html>. The Eisenhower Foundation. Biography: Dwight David Eisenhower October 14, 1890-March 28, 1969. 05 August 2008. Eisenhower. com. 24 N ovember 2008 <http://www. dwightdeisenhower. com/biodde. html>. Kelly, Martin. â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower- Thirty-Fourth President of the United States. ” About. com: American History. 24 November 2008. <http://americanhistory. about. com/od/dwightdeisenhower/p/peisenhower. htm>.\r\n'

'Child Marriage in Bangladesh Essay\r'

'Juvenile espousal has foresightful been an issue in many create countries where destitution, miss of teaching and strong cultural traditions and phantasmal beliefs exist. It is or so prevalent in †however non restricted to second Asia, especi everyy Bangladesh where studies halt shown that the man geezerhood of upstart brotherhood is most common and severe.\r\nAlthough the juristic fester of wedding differentiatey for wo hands in Bangladesh is 18, roughly girlfriends ar conjoin off as early on as septet historic period periodd mainly as a result of pauperisation which consumes 55% of the creation and as well as because Bangladesh is a patriarchal night club where at that determine over all told attitude towards wo manpower is â€Å"galay atkano kata” which is translated to â€Å"the spine of a lean stuck in the throat”.\r\nIn the rural aras of Bangladesh, sealed cultural traditions must be preserved as they have been present for centuries and in like manner contribute to novel spousals as dowry, which mainly exists in direct societies, determines how much the bride’s pargonnts must pay to the in-laws which varies upon the age of the girl. On the surface, it would seems as though Bangladeshis accept this brutality and finger preferably passive towards it as they argon aw atomic number 18 that juvenile marriage is being sound but do non take go down through against it. Is it because human rights atomic number 18 non universal?\r\nCould it be mathematical that roughlything such(prenominal) as juvenile marriage is overlooked because the vast majority of the population of Bangladesh is non educated and ignorant to such and through intervention, they could arrive at from the first world’s input in regards to their sociocultural â€Å"issues”? It is evident that juvenile marriage is truly common and equally choreatic in South Asia and seems to be an issue which is most present in developing countries for varies reasons which be customized to that feature refining and region.\r\nThe marriage of a small fry is misappropriated in all of the countries in which it takes place and even in rancor of actions such as reinforce handst of laws opposing to such, juvenile marriage continues, especially in rural, densely inhabit argonas. This is because these societies atomic number 18 anchored by their cultural traditions and beliefs which have been their mode of life for centuries, passed down from generation to generation. Bangladesh in particular operates as a patriarchal society and the wo workforce, both(prenominal)(prenominal) rural and rban, traditionalistic and modern, are considered the most oppress in the world because they live in a social formation that cond iodines their being granted an substandard status. â€Å"After birth, girls are viewed as a force to the parental house reserve, whereas boys are regarded as an asset. † (White, 1992). The here and now they are brought into the world, girls are resented and considered â€Å" non valuable” as they cannot provide for their natural families financially and they ordain not carry out the family name, which is very important in Bangladeshi culture.\r\n newborn ladys are taught as early as childhood that women should al slipway be down the stairs men’s control because the common attitude towards women is that they are wanton and vulnerable and they are treated as such. In Bangladeshi society, women are unable to jut out and protect themselves and male guardianship is necessary to embarrass possible rape and this is very important because society places the utmost importance on female versed purity and this cannot be guaranteed if a womanhood is without a male guardian as 97% of all rape incidents go unreported and women are field of force to brutality and even murder if they do not terminate the pregnancy before it is excessivel y late.\r\nHowever, abortions illegal and expensive in Bangladesh and even if a woman can afford to proceed with the termination, they are lots malpracticed and result in severe infection, illness and death. Therefore, fortress and protective cover is provided (and guaranteed) through marriage and it is also a local belief that progenyer girls are much(prenominal) obedient and depart bring to pass devoted to her in-laws’ family much so than her natal family which is logical considering at a young age, the girl would move to her in-law’s and essentially become more attached to her hubby’s parents rather than her own.\r\nGirls are also hale to terminate any existing upbringing (if thither is any at all) when they get married and are expected to take on house require responsibilities and cater to her in-laws right away and produce children which lots results in failed pregnancies or death as they are too young and malnourished. A UNICEF report says: I n many parts of South Asia, due to the wretched quality of emergency obstetric care and lavishly directs of malnutrition among young women, particularly anemia and stunting, early marriage presents considerably attachd risks to life itself.\r\nTeenage mothers have a 2-5 times greater risk of maternalistic death than women aged 20-25 days (UNICEF, 2001: 7) It would seem that a simple and logical solution to this problem would be to continue the girls’ education as it would alleviate some of the social pressure in regards to house hold responsibilities and child-rearing and it would also provide them with life skills and loveledge which could peradventure generate a new attitude towards women without disrupting the deeply rooted nature of Bangladeshi cultural traditions. Opportunities for young mothers to continue their education or to work are often limited because they have little entrée to resources and are responsible for child-rearing and house hold tasks . The women married at early age are more likely than those who are married off as adults to have early, frequent and unplanned pregnancies, typically from lack of contraceptive use. The children of teenage mothers experience serious wellness consequences as well. A child born to a teenage mother is twice more likely to die before his/her first birth twenty- quadruplet hour period than the child of a woman in her twenties.\r\nIf they suffer these infants tend to have higher(prenominal) rates of small birth weight, premature birth and infant mortality than those born to older mothers. ” (Kamal, 2011: 218). It is evident that there are very harsh social, psychological and health consequences for both women and their children which occur when a girl is married too young, juvenile marriage is not only recognise as a human rights violation, but it is also a barrier to individual and social development.\r\nAs mentioned above, girls are pressure to terminate their education an d in most cases they have not even reached substitute(prenominal) level education which shows in the literacy rate among men and women which is not surprising †38. 1% rate for women, versus the 55. 6% rate for men. Considering Bangladesh’s dense population, this is quite a significant amount of women who have received education. A study by Farah Chowdhury of the Rajshahi Univeristy in Bangladesh shows the education level of men and women in the closure of Chamrabo which is in the Narshingdi territorial dominion (located 30 miles from Dhaka, the capital city).\r\nHer studies indicate that: Out of a population of 261, 130 men and 131 women not including children under six years of age, fifteen of the men and 25 of the women were illiterate. Most of the villagers, both make and female, have had at least minimal schooling. Sixty-two men and 70 women completed primary education (Grades 1-5); and 24 men and 18 women secondary education (Grades 6-10). Five men had a secondar y School Certificate (SSC), four a Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) and one a college degree. Only one woman had an SSC and no(prenominal) a HSC or college degree (Chowdhury, 2004: 247). Poverty is ften a determining factor regarding education and it can be linked to the age at which a girl is married; if a family is poverty stricken, they will get hitched with off their daughter(s) as early as possible to decrease the size of the dowry.\r\nIn some cases this age could be as young as seven or younger, according to Chowdhury, the belief in some Bangladeshi villages is that seven is a suitable age for girls to get married and that girls of nine are already old and may be open(a) to abuse or harassment due to shame they might communicate on themselves and their families as a result of not being desirable for marriage. Naturally parents prefer to marry off their daughters before the girls are regarded as old. ” â€Å"… Furthermore, young girls are thought to have gr eater intimate and procreative power than older girls, and to be little risk of miscarriage. ” (Chowdhury, 2004: 247). Although the rate of poverty in Bangladesh has diminish over the recent years, 55% of the population lives under the poverty line and among those, 27% live in extreme poverty. Most of those affected by poverty live in rural and semi urban areas where they cannot afford to send their children to school.\r\nHowever, the problem goes both ways as the Bangladeshi education trunk also faces challenges such as funding, inflexibility, insufficient ratio of experient teachers to schools and lack of resources. In recent years, nongovernmental organization’s like ‘Because I am a Girl’ and ‘Human Rights and Education Program for Women (HERP)’ recognized the famine of education facilities and have stepped in to rehabilitate the education sector of Bangladesh to create an accessible and affordable system which does not discriminate ag ainst women but in fact encourages the enrollment female students by employing female teachers. NGO schools are well resourced, with a network that extends to the remotest part of the country. There schools facilitate the integration of students from economically and socially vulnerable communities, operate at times that are suitable for students (many of whom work during the day or at specific times of the year), offer small split size (with teacher-student ratios of one to thirty), and ensure and interactive larn environment. ” (Arndt, Hastings, … & Woods, 2005).\r\nSince patriarchal societies such as Bangladesh are very concerned about a women’s ainity as they see it as a challenge and do almost anything to contain it, it seems quite logical that girls are pulled out of school early due to marriage as it disables them from knowing anything else outdoor(a) of their subscriptity. It also helps to diffuse the rate at which self-discovery happens by marryin g the girls off at a young age which decreases their future opportunities of education and exceptmore, they become more pliant to their husbands and simply accept the life they are forced to live as they do not know any other way.\r\nTheir great, great grandmothers did the equal and it is a tradition that has been passed down by many generations. However, with this system in place there is some hope. The educational sector’s main goal and pipe dream is to break the cycle of dependent women and rid them of their inferior status. Through education, women can learn how to be self-directed and resourceful, they will be taught personal development and will understand their bodies as well as become aware of their rights as women.\r\nThis is interesting because these opportunities could spark a new generation of women who will not keep going their subjective social roles which could lead to protests and other actions against grammatical gender exploitation and oppression. It i s not something that would happen overnight of course, perhaps over a few decades women would start to project their worth and become bold enough to say out and protest but even still, education alone cannot alternate the rich, traditional cultural domain in which the beliefs of society is so firmly planted.\r\n association will empower the women of Bangladesh but it will not change their sociocultural position and it does not change the existing issue of poverty. Even if the education is provided and accessible, the issue of poverty is still present and as long as poverty exists, poor parents will be inclined to marry their daughters as early as possible to decrease the amount of the dowry owed to the organize’s family.\r\nAs discussed above, traditional cultural determine and beliefs outweigh all other potential blames to child marriage even though poverty seems to be the main cause, it is simply a scratch at the surface to the bigger picture. It would seem as though Bangladeshis practicing juvenile marriage are doing so because they feel it is a divine command and in not doing so they are exempt from society and victims of harassment, assault and shame.\r\nHowever, if we examine the situation carefully, we will see that the locals are not marrying their daughters off as young as possible simply to decrease the dowry, it is mostly because of their traditional beliefs about fertility in relation to age. Therefore, juvenile marriage cannot be directly linked to poverty because the strong influence of local beliefs is almost sure as shooting the main cause as ethnic communities are inclined to trust their beliefs as well as respect and preserve their traditions.\r\nThe locals of rural Bangladesh have relied on the same superstitions, methods and practices for centuries, it is deeply embedded in their culture and essentially it is the glue that holds them all together. Bangladeshi officials are aware that juvenile marriage is taking place in the rural areas and they recognize this as a punitive crime but they do not risk interfering or tampering with such rituals as it could lead to an even bigger problem such as the collapse of a society.\r\nIt is a local belief that if a woman’s marriage is prevented or interrupted, the woman has been a victim of sorcery and she must be exiled from the community. In most cases these women are children and they are taken outside of the village to remote areas, blindfolded and left there with no food or means of survival which results in death. The girl’s family is said to be subject to harassment, and if they have other children, they will be considered socially condemned and will not be desirable by other in the village to marry.\r\nIt is also believed that the parents will inherit the age of the girl in years of rotten luck, example: if the child was five years old, the parents will inherit five years of bad luck. So, Bangladesh will continue to suffer as a result of such an intricately woven culture, everything is affiliated and affected by their belief system which makes for a fragile society. In conclusion, juvenile marriage is a violation of human rights and has physical, intellectual, psychological and emotional implications for the young brides.\r\nIt deprives girls of their childhood and adolescence where crucial development occurs and this is important for the advance of good mental and sexual health. From an outsider’s point of view, the issue of juvenile marriage seems prosperous enough to â€Å"fix” with a simple prescription drug of proper education and the implication of Western familiarity and sociocultural values but it is not that slack to undo centuries of rich and complex cultural values, in other words, we cannot use the ”Band-Aid” approach to cover up an issue which needs to be addressed internally. So how can we prevent juvenile marriage?\r\nAn apparent solution is to change the male views and att itudes towards women which can be addressed by including women’s studies and sexual/personal development in the syllabus of primary and higher levels of education. Also, the state should see that sufficient measures are put in place to ensure that women have the same rights and obligations to look after their natural families both financially and physically because if this became a strong social value, then(prenominal) girls would not be considered a burden to their families and this would increase their sociocultural â€Å"value”.\r\nFinally, the belief that women are weak and vulnerable is the result of the lack of social hostage provided for women in Bangladesh so if the state cannot ensure the security of women, then naturally the people (especially the men) of Bangladesh will be reassured in their beliefs of women and that they are in invariable need of protection of their male guardians which will further encourage the practice of child marriage.\r\n'