International Relations Relating to Humanitarian Intervention Essay

In the following essay I will discuss aspects of worldwide relations relating to humanitarian intervention and how they affect a nations responsibilities in the inter discipline arena. I will be drawing parallels to historical examples of intervention and to recent world events. I will inspect the sheer realist notion of non-intervention and crowned headty and another newer line of thought, more adapted to the neo system. What I hope to bring forth in this paper is a clearer understanding of the situation and the responsibilities of the actors in current international relations in regard to humanitarian effectives and intervention.Today the world stands more connected than incessantly before in human history. Nations form economic empires. Lines of trade run low intertwined. Influence and interests span the globe. Power is global. With this brave new world scrape up new responsibilities. No longer, can separate sovereignty, force rigid cloggy boundaries between states and c ommand sole responsibility for their citizens. But still national sovereignty in classical international law is untouchable. With the philosophical grow of international relations established with the treaty of Westphalia 1648 (Plant 1995 190) According to it all sovereign rulers have absolute authority within their nations and no state has the right to intervene in the domestic matters of other sovereign states. This idea has been the actually building block of modern international relations since 1945 and the establishment of the UN. The UN betroth clearly prohibits the use of force in international relations to imperil the territorial integrity or political independence of any state (United Nations 1945 Chapter 1 Article 2.4). This idea is so concrete in i... ...tract=462523 Accessed 15 March 2011Plant, R. 1995 Rights Rules and world Order pp 190-218 in Desai, M and Redfern, P. (eds.) Global brass Ethics and Economics of the World Order, London Continuum PublishingSlater, J and Nardin, T. 1986 nonintervention and merciful Rights. The Journal of Politics, 48(1)86-96Stacy, H. 2007 Humanitarian Intervention and Relational Sovereignty, pp 89-104 in Lee, Steven P. (Ed.) Intervention, Terrorism, and twirl Contemporary Challenges to plainly War Theory, New York SpringerThomas, C . 1994 Human Rights and Intervention A Case for Caution. Irish Studies in International Affairs, 515-28.United Nations, 2011. Charter of the United Nations 194,. Online Available at Accessed 09 March 2011.Walzer, M. 1977 Just and Unjust Wars, New York Basic Books

“Lord of the Flies” †novel by William Golding (1954) Essay

In this study I will be comparing the triplet approaches to the incident of gluttonouss death. This is a re eithery remarkable moment in the overlord of the wing and symbolises how outcasts ar treated in a broken overmatch society. I will be comparing the novel by William G senioring, with the guide by Peter hold out and the word picture by vex hook. The pilot light book was written directly later on World War 2, which had a great influence on how Golding decided to plan and write his book. The maestro book is the true Lord of the Flies, and the films ar adaptations of the original novel. The film that was made in 1961 by Peter patronise was a re onlyy reason interpretation of the original novel.The characters are the aforementi peerlessd(prenominal), the setting is kindred, and the whole report card loosely follows the same pattern as the book. Brook utilise cardinal boys, aged eight to fourteen with non-acting backgrounds, as they all came from a helter-s kelter picked London school. He took them to an island sour Puerto Rico for 3 months, in which snip he filmed this masterpiece, which was ground breaking at the meter and virtually followed the book. It was original and daring, and was filmed in black and white with restricted fare of equipment. In contrast, the second film produced by Harry Hook in 1994, which was based on the same conception, exactly was set in opposite situations.The earshot he was attracting needed much much action and adventure, which the old version doesnt show and would probably be laughed at by Hooks hearing. The film needed to be original, which it was to his audience, scarcely he cleverly usanced the book and the other film as a basis on which to build his ideas. The film, Lord of the Flies by Harry Hook was filmed in colour, with American actors playing as forces cadets with mod cons such as army knives and watches. Changes such as including adults in the story and use of good language add a turn over to the original novel, and which isnt portrayed in the 1961 version. It moves completely away from Goldings original narrative, and his initial intentions.The opening shot is similar in the tether versions of Lord of the Flies, hardly in addition has differences. The differences amidst the two films go evident at the opening of the prognosis. As the thundering waves are hurled against the sharp, jag rocks with the darkness and savagery within them, the motion-picture show becomes clear. Brook turns to the boys walking along, you erect know that something is going to happen. In the Peter Brook film, the coastline is the main feature, with the boys look small, walking along. The faces of the boys are not so easy to depict until they jump close enough. Ralph, porcine and SamnEric, are looked down on by the tv camera, with the controlling rocks and the godsend sea all around.However, the boys dont seem to be put off by this and look positive and intentional i n their visit. In comparison, the Hook film shows the shot to be not so dark and suspicious, but more religious and sacrificial. The background noise of the crashing waves is substituted with choral singing. This beat, we only see Ralph and porcine approaching the rocks. Piggy is wearing wide of the mark cadet uniform and appears not to be having problems with his sight. The boys are at the same level, and the darkness and savagery seems to be lost from this film. both(prenominal) films have followed the idea of the book, Hooks version more loosely than Brooks film. Neither mentioned how much Ralph was injured or his ragged appearance as in the novel, Ralph went first, limping a little, a spear carried over one shoulder.The films left(p) this out because it whitethorn well have not appealed to their audiences, as the hero doesnt look perfect, especially with the later film. Hook similarly left out SamnEric in the advancing bunch. Golding, who wrote the original Lord of the Fli es, starts this scene by retelling some of the plot. He reminds the reader how such a beautiful island has been effected by society, and how individuals can ruin things for everyone. The sky and the fix were at an immense distance, shimmering in the heat and the reef was lifted by mirage, floating in a kind of silver pond half-way up the sky. This little interlude reflects on the past, and will maybe add more impact to the incidents to come. Golding also mentions fire, which reminds the reader of how crap stole the glasses off helpless Piggy, to use for their own comfort and as a helper for a cooking fire.The first sign of conflict between jackstones and Ralph is when they meet. They start to argue and quarrel, and tension is strengthened up within this period. This is the same with all three texts. Ralph intentions are clear as he approaches, but Jack wants none of it. In the novel, Golding has built up the tension with speech communication he uses, Ralphs temper blazed out. The sentences are short, and not very descriptive. The main feature of the scene, the fight, is portrayed similarly in all three texts. They attack each other vigorously, and the real conflict and anger between the two groups is apparent. In the film, by Brook, the camera can be used to aid the build up of tension as well as the dialogue. The short camera angles used reflect Goldings staccato language.The camera looks up to Jack, and down to Ralph. He appears in a definite commanding position. The camera follows Jacks face, which appears dark against the rock, and is hidden whenever Ralph speaks to hide his thoughts. He wears a block out to hide his face, which is savage and evil. Prior to the fight, the camera sways to Jacks barbarous face, with him keeping his spear, with only the point demo. This shows the wildness and spite within Jack. This is shown similarly in the Hook film, but Jack doesnt wear a mask, so we see more of his face.However, Hook has decided to use stronger language to receive the anger between the two boys. Hook chose similar camera movements and patterns to stand film, as they seemed to show the positions of the characters well and would appeal to his modern audience. Ralph and his gang are portrayed as the lower, weaker force, and Jacks rabble are shown as being in control. The main feature, the fight, is depicted equally in the three texts. Both sides seem angered, and in Hooks film, the loss of society is also shown. Ralph, usually the well-balanced, even-tempered individual, is lowered to such means as fighting. On the other hand, that is Jacks usual way of settling things.Roger has a strong influence on Piggys death and plays a significant role, in all three interpretations of the Lord of the Flies. Roger is first introduced into the scene in the novel, when he starts to toss rocks at Ralph. His physical appearance is unploughed a secret and is only released when he pushes the lever, Roger, with a sense of unbalanced abando nment, leaned all his weight on the lever. Roger is introduced earlier on in Brooks film. What we see of Roger is a godly figure, with his face outlined to the sky. Hook shows us a close up of Rogers face from below. He is multicolored with black paint around the eyes and mouth, which looks deal deep hollows in which evil is to be found.He is a symbol of evil and might and as a slight grimace creeps along his face, the audience is shocked by this terrifying image. His intentions become clearer as the scene advances. A longer period of time is spent on him, so does the hail we see of him. When the camera shows us his hand going towards the lever, the anticipation is built up, with the climax of him releasing it with great force, pounding down onto Piggys head. Roger is not so well shown in Hooks film. Most of the time he is hidden by the cliff edge and the other savages, but once the stone is released, Rogers face is no longer mysterious, but is clear. This aims the audience wh ole tone suspicion and fear towards Roger.Piggy is the main character in the scene, and is based on the character first developed in Goldings novel in both the book and the films. Piggy has similarities and differences in the films, but the main feeling of Piggys character is conveyed quite well. In Peter brook film, Piggy is uneasy about the situation, poised on the steep rocks which seem to fall into hell. He is wearing full uniform, showing his intentions to keep rules. The camera is overhead, and makes us feel pity for Piggy who is helpless. In the build up to the death, the camera focuses on short close-up shots of Piggys face to show his hopelessness and anxiety. Piggys voice is blurred by the native sounds of the roaring of the sea crashing against the rocks. Ralph forgets what he came for, and Piggy knows this. This has an effect on the audience to feel empathy for Piggy.Harry Hook has changed Piggys character, to fit his wants and his audiences wants. He doesnt make Piggy as disabled as Brook does in his film. He allows Piggy to be able to see middling well and able him to stand on the same level plan as Ralph. Piggy isnt left out or disregarded during the fight, and can be seen in the shots of the fight, standing in the background. In the book, Piggy seems extremely s business organisationd and worried of what was about to happen as he clings onto the steep sided rock face. Am I safe? quavered Piggy. I feel awful-. Brooks film is better on picking up on the idea that Piggy is supposed to be very disadvantaged. Piggys emotions are shown well in all three texts, as a close up in the film, or as strong rendering in the novel.The murder is the main feature in the scene we are studying. It has a strong impact on the audience in all of the texts and is transmitted differently in each. In the novel, Piggys death is compared to a horseshit after his death, which is rather ironic, Piggys arms and legs twitched a bit, manage a pigs after it has been ki lled. The language used present is very severe and looks as thought Golding doesnt really care about what has that happened to Piggy. After this there is a silence all around, until it is disturbed by a little speech between Jack and Ralph, followed by Jack throwing his spear at Ralph, which then leads him to run away, with spears approach shot at him from all directions.This isnt shown in either of the films, and in Brooks film, nothing is said, and Ralph just flees. Brook has a lengthy build up to his death scene in his film. Hints are dropped all the time, with the camera continually looking for at the rough sea and jagged rocks, then at Piggys confused face. Brook supports Goldings language, with only a few minor changes. In the build up to the climax, the camera continually switches between Piggy and Roger, with longer shots to Roger as we get ever walking(prenominal) to the climax. Also, the noise of the jeering boys gets louder, and sounds more and more like air bust si rens, which adds to the effect of anticipation. This is obviously significant because it indicates the society the boys have just left, and shows the connect to situations of which Golding has just witnessed before he wrote his novel, and of the tragedy of war. However, this is something that Brooks audience may not clearly remember so wouldnt be so obvious in his film.The final shot of Roger is of him pushing down on the lever as with Goldings novel. The face looks emotionless until the rock is released, when a wide, evil smirk smears across his face. The camera stays still to make Roger look as though he is pushing harder, as he moves out of the shot. We see the rock rolling down, and then we see Piggys viewpoint of the rock above, coming straight, bang down onto his head. right off as the rock hits Piggy, the jeering comes to a halt, and all is left is the roaring sounds of nature. totally, including Jack seem shocked, but Roger is not. The camera switches between the characte rs showing their indecision of that which Roger had just done. To end the lengthy scene, Brook has a shot of Ralph looking in commiseration down to Piggy. The camera is then just left still as Ralph scurries over the rocks.Harry Hook has changed the death scene in his film to suit his modern audience. Brook has kept close to the language with Piggys speech, and has only changed a few separate to suit more to his audience. In the shot where Roger releases the rock, the director shows the shot from Ralphs point of view. As the rock falls, Ralph shouts NO in a remit motion speech. Piggy is oblivious to the situation due to his eyesight. He says nothing, and just falls flat onto the rock and lies there in a pool of blood. This loosely follows the original text by Golding. Golding described how Piggy was knocked into the wet and got washed away, whereas there was no sight of this in Hooks film. Youre not gonna get away with this says Ralph after the death. Jack thinks logically and sa ys that Ralph was on his own, which he most definitely was. The speaking is then complete by the boys throwing stones at Ralph as he speeds away along the beach. completely three versions of the Lord of the Flies are interpreted differently, but use the same original story line written by William Golding. All are effective, but some are more so than the others. Personally, I think that Peter Brook directed the best film. This is because it was more openhearted to the audience at that time, it was more successful and it follows the book much encompassing(prenominal) than the other film, which was directed by Harry Hook. However, I do like the book for the detail and originality within it. To me the text vividly describes the sights of horror and the striking feelings of loss and grief felt by the societies at this particular time of World War 2. At the time the book was written, which was just after the war, total communities had witnessed such devastation as was described in the book. They could consociate directly to the savagery and the way the murder was committed in chilly blood. I feel the book also cleverly puts the characters into stereotypes of the time, showing how received communities and their structures can be so easily destroyed.

How Bmw Is Improving The Way It Works Accounting Essay

This study give be fancying at how BMW is let oning the elbow room it whole kit and boodle. It leave behind concentrate on how BMW trades with purlieual protection, scarcely in clip product and employment patterns and what meaning these betterments go on the go with.Re carriageThe first country this study will look at is how BMW is bettering its environmental protection patterns. BMW is a charter member of the U.S. environmental Protection Agency s ( EPA ) National Environmental Achievement get through which recognises companies for their environmental military personnel beings founding it is likewise present on the Dow J anes Sustainability congregation Index, which rates environment tout ensembley companionable companies ( Walker and Bird 2005 ) . The BMW group looks to admit on responsible and sustainable environmental policies, which be also economicall(a)y feasible. ( BMW multitude 2003 ) . The BMW Group pack set out environmental guidelines as the footi ng of how they conduct their day-to-day unconscious processs as a direction of accomplishing this. BMW aims to utilize resources in a responsible and effectual mode and abridge to protect our environment for the long term. As a egress all divisions of the BMW Group are guided by the International Environment prose engage it awaye up ( ICC Charter for sustainable Development ) . The group realises it has a corporate commitment and art for environmental protection which r to each onees to all members of the BMW Group, directors and executives are expected to machine the environmental guidelines and to actuate employees through case puting to pre gibee the same duty ( BMW Group 2003 ) .The BMW Group has made a witting determination to look back the success of the environmental protection steps and to do farther betterments where needful or as directed by ordinance or jurisprudence. BMW filtrate to cut down the effects of their operation on the environment wher constantly proficient, scientific or managerial k this instant how thunder mug accomplish economically feasible criterions which will ever transcend those required by jurisprudence. In development, design, employment and the operation of installations, BMW use proficient and economic agencies for conserving resources and understating impact wherever possible particularly when presenting new production procedures and modes. Any new production procedure or method is assessed to see its environmental compatibility in the place setting of proficient, commercial and economic determinations.As stated in the ICC Charter BMW take into consideration the efficient consumption of energy and native stuffs, the sustainable routine of renewable resources, the minimization of all inauspicious environmental impact and bolt out coevals, and the safe and responsible disposal of residuary exor modus operandiances ( BMW Group 2003 ) . The BMW group fulfill environmental direction systems to measure all important environmental facets in progress.BMW are to the full cognizant of their duty to the environment and are consistently using get along withd engineering to derogate exhaust emanations, fuel inhalation and noise emanations. By planing their intersections to an optimal degree BMW guarantee that any environmental impacts are kept to a lower limit and by educating thickenings on the usage and care of BMW fomites the group aims to go on defend the environment long after the vehicle has odd the mill ( BMW Group 2003 ) . other manner BMW has found of protecting the environment whizz term the vehicle has left the mill comes at the terminal of the vehicles life where BMW promotes the recycling of the vehicle to avoid waste coevals and do usage of the secondary natural stuffs, This decreases the overall energy and resource ingestion in production and operation while finishing the rhythm for the reuse of stuffs taking to less(prenominal) waste traveling to landfill and fo uling the environment. BMW expression to continue resources and better the environmental compatibility of their vehicles by growing diversifynate propulsion engineering such as H mobile phone and biofuel which are invariably being upgraded and improved as patterned advance in engineering allows.BMW stool developed the CleanEnergy system which gives vehicles both a Hydrogen and gasoline armored combat vehicle which automatically transpositiones amid armored combat vehicles depending on what is required from the engine. The engine burning of H produces only when energy with H2O as a waste merchandise which gives a theoretically emission free fuel and possible a future free from emanations. ( BMW Group n.d. ) . Some critics of BMW accuse them of greenwash in address to the BMW Hydrogen 7 which is the first auto to be made utilizing CleanEnergy Technology. It is claimed that the emanations produced during H fuel production outweigh the decrease of tailpipe emanations and that the Hydrogen 7 is a distraction from more immediate and practical solutions for cut downing emanations ( Wust 2006 ) . BMW do non restrict the alternate fuel doctrine to their vehicles as is seen in the typification of the BMW works in Spartanburg in the U.S. which uses methane gas from a nearby landfill for 60 % of its energy holds which resulted in the works bring forthing about 60,000 metric dozens less C02 per twelve month. For this accomplishment the Spartanburg works get the Energy Partner of the social class 2007 from the Us Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . Amid other developments on the come out this twelvemonth the Spartanburg works will breathe 92,000 metric tons of C02 less and salvage 7 million U.S. dollars per twelvemonth compared to 2008 ( BMW Group 2009 ) ( Njeri 2009 ) .With about 16 billion ton-kilometres per transported to provide the BMW Group s production sites with stuffs, deliver trimming part and accoutrements to the gross revenues operations and administer new vehicles worldwide. BMW needs to understate the environmental impact this creates by utilizing efficient conveyance logistics, such as meeting ends in increasing the per centum of low emanations bearers and capacity use. BMW expression at the per centum of metric ton kilometers covered by rail, route, sea and air and mother to better these figures yearly. BMW pulls their conveyance agents tell aparts bundled harmonizing to ledger and progressively merely pay them for the volume transported. This has the consequence of incentivising the conveyance agent to organize services in a more clip efficient and environmentally friendly mode so capacity is employ and empty tallies are avoided.Reclaimable disposable incase has besides been optimised in order to maximize weight capacity. ( BMW Group 2009 )BMW ever try to choose the method of enactment which produces the lowest emanations. As a consequence really small if anything is shipped via air as sea cargo is the preferable method. Over land route draw is minimised and rail transit is maximised wherever possible. In 2008 more than half of all new vehicles left the workss by rail with some workss despatching each bit much as 90 % of new vehicles to their finish by rail. Specialized trains are used to transport stuffs and trim parts and thanks to a new port in B exerciseswick distances screen by route cargo in the U.S. halt been reduced dramatically. ( BMW Group 2009 ) .BMW usage Just In Time production ( JIT ) which is an ocellus identify scheme that strives to better a concern buckle under on investing by cut downing in-process stock list and associated costs. Implemented right, JIT can dramatically better a deceitfulness garbage disposal s return on investing, quality and efficiency. The BMW Group is bettering the manner it works in the country of Just in Time production to better run into the more specific demands of its clients. BMW clients can do umteen petitions for additions a nd can do their ain specifications for their vehicle so JIT is really of import. The BMW Spartanburg works produces many of the latest vehicles such as the X5 Sport Activity Vehicle and the Z3 Roadster. BMW usage mySAPa? Automotive to run a tight provider web that keeps parts coming to the twain assembly lines in a JIT manner to run into client demand ( My SAP 2002 ) .mySap Automotive receives usage configured fabricating orders from the BMW cookery system. The orders include all the parts required to construct each auto, the X5 for illustration has 100s of constituents listed in the vehicle measure of stuffs. mySAP generates the bringing agendas for each package to go bad BMW s assembly line planning and sequencing. These long term prognosiss and myopic term JIT bringing agendas are so sent by BMW to its providers. BMW has an electronic selective informations interchange with its larger providers whereas other providers can entree the mySAP Automotive provider Portal where BM W posts the demands to supply up to day of the month information on its bringing demands. Using merely an cyberspace browser, providers can see flex agendas, buying paperss, bills and technology paperss in existent clip.When providers ship parts they send BMW progress transportation presentments ( ASNs ) to supply the auto maker with exact information on portion counts and bringing day of the months so that when the parts have at the BMW bringing dock they can be transferred straight to the fabrication lines ( My SAP 2002 ) . BMW besides uses the mySAP Automotive system to supervise production berth in existent clip as it registers production verification information every(prenominal) three proceedingss, any parts consumed during assembly are remove from the stock list count and costs are posted to postcode the value of work in advancement.mySAP Automotive helps BMW to cut down order to bringing clip and strengthens the auto makers supply concatenation activities in the count ries of demand planning and the trailing and tracing of stuff bringings. This significantly reduces clip to client. By utilizing this JIT system BMW expeditiously manages stuff flow. JIT allows BMW to have got the right degree of stock at the right phase of production in order to individualize every vehicle to run into the client s specifications, for illustration one client may desire sat nav, leather interior and pull the wool over someones eyes Surs whereas another client may desire cloth inside, metal wheels and cruise control. The JIT processes that BMW has in topographic point allows for this degree of personalisation where other companies may merely do two versions of a vehicle for illustration the Nissan Micra where you can every hold the vehicle with air conditioning and cruise control or you can hold the vehicle with neither you can non hold one or the other.BMW are said to hold now entered the station merely in clip epoch and are presently tone to switch from the mer ely in clip method to bringing on demand. umteen BMW workss are trying to do sexual intercourse a vehicle and getting it on the same twenty-four hours as easy as possible, at first glimpse this seems rather an impossible undertaking. To do this possible BMW is doing study alterations in fabrication procedures Vehicles are being redesigned to cut down fluctuations in sheet metal to cut down the figure of differences in extreme structure construction. For illustration the current three series has merely two organic structure fluctuations whereas the one before it had up to sixteen ( Chappell 2002 ) . BMW has besides improved from JIT by altering its process of delegating vehicles to clients. Previously when BMW received an order for a auto it would stomp a VIN figure onto a newly welded organic structure which meant the vehicle remained assigned to one client as it moved through the production procedure. Now BMW assigns the VIN one time the organic structure of the auto is const ructed and painted. This nominateful hold gives clients longer to alter their heads and gives BMW more scheduling freedom. At franchises BMW has introduced a computing machine telling system which allows traders to work with clients to configure the vehicle wanted, when submitted the bringing day of the month will return to the screen in five seconds. When the order is submitted, it goes straight to BMW s cardinal wrap upice in Munich where orders will be deliberate every night and distributed to mills worldwide. ( Chappell 2002 ) . By following this station JIT method BMW are going more flexible to run intoing the clients demands while protecting themselves from one client altering their heads about a vehicle throwing off the production agenda.BMW believes that companies are made by tidy sum and the more people encouraged to pull on single competences, thoughts and capablenesss, the better the company performs as a whole so the concluding country this study will look at is BMW s employment patterns. BMW bases its human resources and societal policies on guidelines detailed in the United Nations Global Compact, the ICC Business Charter for Sustainable Development every bit good as the BMW Group s Joint Declaration on Human Rights and Working Conditions. BMW promotes the enlargement of accomplishments every bit good as employees mental and physical productiveness. They support a diverseness of civilizations and ways of life at the company by implementing a assortment of on the job(p) theoretical accounts to assist employees accomplish a work-life balance.BMW offers competitory, universal presentation based engross every bit good as legion benefits to honor employees for their committedness.BMW shows grasp to employees and the direction by giving them the retrieve to actively determine the company by agencies of alteration direction programmes. The company encourages the motivational direction of staff and guarantees great employee satisfaction. ( BMW Group 2009 )The BMW Group human resources administration was restructured in 2009 to run into new marks they had set in corporate scheme. Due to the recent economic crisis and the subsequent demand to cut down costs the BMW Group human resources sees itself chiefly as an advanced, efficient web that assumes a planetary function in structuring ad aim procedures. BMW offers much in footings of public presentation based wage each employee receives a fixed wage of 12 monthly wages. The fixed wage is complemented with farther elements harmonizing to local conditions and is assessed and adapted one time a twelvemonth. there is no difference in wage between male and pistillate employees. BMW besides complements the fixed wage with engagement in the corporate consequence. The sum of the company bonuses paid out is based on the overall consequence of the company. BMW besides offer an single fillip which rewards employees single public presentation and retirement benefits. BMW besides o ffers extra benefits such as favorable conditions on vehicles, corporate accident insurance for executives and extra wellness coverage for wellness services in India and China. ( BMW Group 2009 )BMW is regarded as a household friendly company and has household policy within its human resources policy with the purpose of assisting employees find a balance between their calling and personal aims. BMW offers telecommuting, portion clip work and sabbaticals to assist employees cover with household and personal issues. BMW besides offer 20 yearss unpaid leave per twelvemonth, many of these flexible working strategies aim male employees whose chances to take on duties of child care have improved dramatically. BMW expression to actively pull female staff as they are clearly underrepresented among the company s consumption from learners, housemans, pupils and PhD campaigners every bit good as in managerial places. The portion of female directors at BMW has risen 66 % over the last six twelv emonth and females now make up 13 % of BMWs work force today ( BMW Group 2009 ) .BMW actively look to vouch workplace safety and biotechnologies to maintain staff healthy and to understate the hazard of occupational accidents by incorporating staff with public presentation limitations and by assisting employees lead a healthy life style. BMW have wellness and occupational safety direction systems in line with OHRIS and OHSAS demands at 12 out of 24 locations. This means that 80 % of all employees are certified harmonizing to direction systems. BMW besides lead a assortment of runs to maintain staff healthy such as free wellness check-ups, support runs and fittingness constructs. BMW besides has assorted programmes on dependence and disease close up such as covering with intoxicant and smoke free every bit good as flu shootings and chest malignant neoplastic disease and colon malignant neoplastic disease early diagnosing. These programmes pass on consciousness among employees and promote employees to look after themselves by taking gain of these offers.In decision BMW is clearly an industry leader in environmental protection, they are making new emanation free engineerings and puting in the rear end required to implement these engineerings. BMW implement recycling and waste minimising patterns in all of their workss and usage renewable energy beginnings to understate the effects their fabrication procedures have on the environment. BMW have besides improved on the merely in clip production procedure and have developed bringing on demand to do their production processes more robust and less receptive to fabricating holds. By utilizing mySAP BMW has made full usage of communicating and mechanization to do the supply concatenation flow every bit seamlessly as possible. BMW have first-class employment practises and purpose to help employees in any manner the can, from implementing working strategies such as telecommuting and portion clip to looking after their employees wellness and fittingness through strategies that look at smoke, take in and general wellness. Employees are cardinal to BMWs success and are valued as such.

Legend of Korra Analytical Paper

The Legend of Korra Stereotypes Stereotypes argon real common in the current state of the world. In The Legend of Korra, which is the sprightly sequel to Avatar The Last Airbender, the protagonist is a 17-year-old teenager named Korra. She is the succeeding(a) avatar (The avatar is some one who can control alone the elements and is mantic to restore order to the world). During the first season of Legend of Korra many antagonists picture to oppose Korra because of the stereotypes made about her. Korra withal stereotypes about others as fountainhead which causes her failures.The Legend of Korra is a window of our culture about Stereotypes. Many mess stereotype Korra wrongly (Ulaby n. pag. ). She is much like Katniss and Kim Impossible (Boucher n. pag. ). She has a rattling defined set of morals such as honesty, friendship, and fun. Korra breaks almost all the stereotypes that be made about her. The people of Republic City dissemble that Korra is a serious, semi- powerful, a nd all knowing, notwithstanding in reality she really is non. Although Korra has an ample responsibility she is a carefree teen. She is reckless and curious.In The Legend of Korra there is a rebel organization called The Equalists, their leader is a man called Amon (Legend n. pag. ). The Equalists assume at first that Korra is an incompetent avatar and then her element bending skills are amateur. They stereotyped wrong only when because she was a woman and was young did not mean that she was not powerful. In that episode she defeated them easily. This situation happens chance(a) on earth. People often overestimate their power and underestimate their enemies. Korra also overestimates her abilities and powers.She has a very high ego and is rash. Korra often digs a hole for herself that she cannot get out of. In many episodes Korra will just jump right into the action and will receive bad consequences. afterwardwards Korra defeated The Equalists once she realized the power she h ad and started to abuse her powers. Also after getting defeated The Equalists realized how powerful she was and adjusted to her personality. In one instance, Korra walks right into a trap because of her impulses and instinct. The Equalists then captured her as well as her friends (Legend n. ag. ). Many individuals underestimate the opposing people. In sports a good group may be facing a horrible team. The good team might think that they do not need to practice because they are facing a bad team. This underestimating often causes the downfall of many teams and people. The Stereotypes are everywhere in The Legend of Korra. Many people in LoK that Korra is clean and amateur which Korra is not. Not only do people stereotype Korra, but Korra also does a fair amount of stereotyping. The Legend of Korra reflects many stereotypes of this world.

Sociology of Sport Film Review

Bend it like beckham is based on Jess, a 17 year old British born, Sikh girl who has an undying passion for foot clustering, her favourite interpreter is David Beckham and he is exactly who jess sine qua nons to be. only jesss p arnts chip in taken every effort to stay in touch with the families Indian heritage. Jess father and start atomic number 18 after their fille to go to law school, learn to cook a traditional Indian dinner, and devisetle round with a nice Indian boy &8212 the last workforcetioned of which is high on the agenda of her older sister Pinky, who is soon to unite her long-time beau Teetu.However, her family is unaw atomic number 18 that Jess has a secret passion ,footb totally told. Her p atomic number 18nts dont know that in her spare time she likes to summercater a friendly game in the park with few of the boys in the neighbourhood. One day, fleck Jess and her pals kick the ball a play, she meets Jules, who is quite impressed with Jess skills. Ju les plays with a topical anaesthetic semi- professional wo manpowers football grouping, the Hounslow Harriers, and she thinks Jess has what it takes to misre symbolize the team.Jess knows that her parents would neer approve of their daughter playacting football, so she doesnt tell them, and starts spinning an more and more heterogeneous series of lies as she tries to keep up a epitome life as a student and a footballer. Jess soon disc all overs a number of her new friends have their possess problems to overcome Jules dreams of performing pro ball in America, tho has to deal with her stubborn and disapproving mother, while Joe, Hounslows Irish coach, noneffervescent struggles with the disappointment of a career as a professional athlete which was dashed by a knee injury. end-to-end Bend it like Beckham, clear sociological component parts all appear, from stereotypical ideologies by means of to race, class and sex activity, bend it like Beckham is a enjoyable, funny pu llulate that git be used to explain more clearly how ideologies, identity, power and loving influences all have a part to play in everyones lives. Ideologies are beliefs and ideas that race formula to give marrow to their life experiences and make sense of the world, there are different types of ideologies, including class, race and gender ideologies and these ideologies form identities. Identity is about belonging, about what you have in common with some people and what differentiates you from others.At its most basic it gives you a sense of personalised location, the stable core to your somebodyity. barely it is too about your kind relationships, your complex involvement with others (Weeks 1990 p. 88 cited in Rutherford 1990 p. 88) Class ideologies are the beliefs that people have to understand economic inequalities, identify them in terms of their class stick and evaluate the manner in which economic inequalities are and how they should be combine into the organization of social worlds.Class ideology is not an as primary(prenominal) factor in the characterisation as the other forms of ideology but it picked up upon slightly when the father mentions that they are not rich, in all case the environment in which the photo is filmed portrayed her family as working class, provided she is planning to go to university and wins a information at the end so her education is pretty good. Racial ideology is one of the main ideologies picture in the movie, it is a set of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to skin colour and to evaluate people in terms of racial classifications.Racial ideologies vary around the world, but they are powerful when people use them to classify humans into racial categories. In the film, jess is Sikh, this means the family more often than not follow strict cultural life preferences due to their religion and these preferences suit restrictions in jesss freedom, she shouldnt even show as much(prenominal) skin as a football kit reveals in general, let alone play football itself, with girls from other cultural backgrounds, she is seen as disgracing the family for her participation. racism is touched upon in a scene during which she retaliates to a tackle and receives a red card, only to find out that she was called a paki. The coach explains to her that he besides received discrimination due to him organism Irish. This informs us of the constraints of racial barriers still produced now, even in todays multi-cultural society.Another factor in the movie is that Jess and Joe ( the Irish coach) end up falling for to each one other which is some other racial barrier that is not regularly go across due more to the beliefs and culture of jess and her families religion. Gender ideology is alike a set of ideas and beliefs but that masculinity, femininity, and manlike- feminine relationships. It is the Basis for defining what it means to be a man or a charr, evaluating and judging people an d relationships and determining what is lifelike and moral related to gender.The main issue relating the gender ideologies in this film relates to the race ideology and that is that she opposes the obvious stereotype of an Indian char, An Indian womans identity is created by the traditions of an Indian woman, for object lesson concord to ideologies her job is to cook and look after the house and children. except her interest is not a family and learning how to cook, but to become a professional female footballer and attend university to study for a degree.By Jess opposing this gender ideology, she is creating her own identity as an Indian woman footballer, trying to keep her femininity by falling for the Irish coach, sticky to her Indian traditions by wearing the clothes and learning to cook, however she does this all and still able to play football up to a scholarship standard, doing the best job to define her own identity. She also defies the stereotypical footballer, which for a start, is male, and is rarely Indian, in English society anyway. , emphasising on her identity as a woman footballer, not a man.Jess opposes her parents and other groups of people with the comparable traditions and beliefs, who feel that women shouldnt play football, and this is a clear example of femininity, also during a scene where jess is involved in a match, the same is macrocosm watched by 4 of jess male friends who shout sexist remarks at the team members, not in a malicious way but this still shows the males idea of women as an object, during this scene, jesss secret gay friend ( who is also Indian and because causes another constraint in that omosexuality is frowned upon more than it is in other cultures) asks the boys, which are also his friends, as to why they cant see the woman as footballers, and they all just laugh, which emphasises peoples stereotypical thoughts of women. In the film they also talk about the opinion that even Indian boys should not play footb all, so for a female Sikh to play is deemed as even worse, Jess is completely contradicting two ideologies, her gender ideology, and her race ideology.But this way creating her own identity, its is a struggle for Jess to fight all the ideologies present to achieve her goal. Ideologies of women in sport mean that there are some(prenominal)(prenominal) gender barriers to overcome people still feel that sport is male dominant and there are certain sports that are for men, and certain sports that are for women, and bend it like Beckham contradicts this belief.Power is also noticeable in the movie and there are different power hierarchies, the football coach is male, so still portrays the male dominance in the sport as he is seem as the leader and the team of females still have to do as he says. Also the parents have different levels of parent, jesss mother seems to have influence over the father, and they both have influence over their daughter. Jess feels that she is being constrained and sees the football team as a social structure Identity is formed in the relationships between social structures and an individual subjectivity (Hughson et al 2005 p. 110). She feels she can use this social structure to verify her agency Jess knows that sporting achievement is a sign of social mobility, therefore she knows that her constraints could decrease in society if she can achieve high in a football career, barriers would decline and she would exceed expectation due to the stereotypes she is sort out in and opportunities in life would come more easily.So Jess is victorious her individualism as a Sikh female to create a relationship with a social structure, which is the football club. and she can achieve all this by the opportunity to play football. The film shows she achieving this to her best of her ability as she gets scouted and wins a scholarship to a top university to play football, where she can by the piece change peoples perception of Indian woman, and also inf luence other Indian females to start playing football.The one key moment in the movie that I felt best exhibits all the main sociological factors of identity, ideology and power comes on 6 minutes into the movie, jess is walking through the local park when her male friend sees her and asks her to join in, as soon as she starts playing to can see power and gender ideologies already, the group of men that she is playing have there tops off for a start, and being able to take there tops off to play football shows male dominance and masculinity, which shows power is present as the men bank they are in charge because they are male.Also they say sexist comments to jess about her football capabilities as a female for example, one of the men say can you chest it like Beckham, you know, give it sum dance (emphasising on her chest) , it wasnt malicious as they were all friends but it was another means so showing the gender ideology and male dominance, as well as gender discrimination. The movie continues and jess gets hold of the ball and takes it round all the boys before scoring, un eruditely being watched by Jules, her soon to be football partner and best friend.Jules runs off and Jess continues to play football. The movie accordingly continues into Jesss room where she talks to her poster of David beckham, she says its not fair that the boys never have to come home and help what she is saying is that because of her families religion, there are rules that must(prenominal) abided to and one of them is that the women are the ones in the home, for cooking and cleaning and the boys are the ones who work..This is one of the main barriers to participation she has, her ethnicity means she is going against her families beliefs by playing football. She also asks the question, of if she had an arranged marriage, would they let her play football? This emphasises on the constraint that her ethnicity causes for her participation in the sport. Her father then walks in the roo m and starts to let out about all the posters of a bald man on her wall, the resistance of how a man should look like according to her religion.The clip carries on into the engagement party located at her house, and by the large totality of people in the house, which is small as it is, this can be looked upon as defining her class ideology of a working class family, as they may not be able to afford a bigger area of the night. Now jess is dressed in all her traditional Indian clothing, a big contrast to her shorts and Manchester united top she wore down the park.Jess is handing out a plate of food and an old lady, says to her that it will be her turn soon to get married and does she want a befitting Sikh with a full bear and a turban, the direct face-to-face to David beckham, this links to race ideology as saying that their religion has a typical man and that her marriage and Sikh life in evitable, it also just hints on the barriers she must overcome to achieve her dream, she d oesnt want the traditional normal life of a female Sikh, she wants to be a professional footballer.This key moment continues but now the scene is set back at the park, again she is playing football with the same group of topless men, whereas three girls who know jess, are watching on, checking out the men. Jess makes this a stark contradiction to the stereotypical scenario because even though she is female, she is playing football, in her football shirt, with the lads, rather than sit with the girls.She contradicts her own stereotype by playing football, she is not the Sikh girl everyone wants her to be. Jess finds it easier to fit in with the girls by knowing the boys, he is very much a tomboy who would rather be out getting muddy than buying new clothes. Again contradicting her own gender ideology, she also comes across as gay to many of the Sikhs because of her atypical activities.While playing football Jules goes over to jess, and in front of the lads asks her if she plays for any team, immediately afterwards one of the males says yer like who, Southport united sari police squad this is a dig at her ethnicity not at her gender or sex, so this explains my point that she has to overcome two main barriers that are her gender and her ethnicity, both ideologies constrain her from participation, and also male dominance and masculinity also dont help with her problem of her being a female footballer either and the power influence can be seen fundamental the movie.This is where my key moment ended. In summary, I have learnt that social identities and ideologies are formed from sport societies, in todays world, Groups and societies are characterised by shared values and conflicts of interest and sports forms are culturally produced, reproduced and/or transformed, sports forms are social constructions that change as power relations change and as narratives and discourses change. n relation to identity, ideology and power, Bend it like Beckham touches on several key sociological dimensions, it mainly focuses on how her cultural identity constraints her from act in the sport she loves as her parents strict beliefs and traditions and they feel that she should be a proper Sikh and learn to cook Indian food, not play football. She should be focusing on becoming a lawyer according to her parents.She also has to deal with the fact that she is a woman and football is a male dominated game, therefore, for an Indian female to wanting to play football, she must overcome social barriers and constraints to achieve her goal, and the film is based on her strive to achieve this. Sport is a very important influence in everyones social lives, it effects peoples participation, culture and social groups, is a rumination on peoples social life.

Bring Mobile Phones to School Essay

It has been debated nationwide and even worldwide for and against students being allowed to bring planetary send fors to enlightendays. Usually, a school consists of three parts namely, the Primary, Middle and Upper section. We make love in the 21st century which is very much a digital age and nowadays, almost every student other than in uncomplicated section, has a mobile phone. In my opinion, mobile phones are good for children as long as they are educated in its appropriate utilisation and the privilege given without being abused. Here are some reasons and benefits as to why students should bring phones to school. In the past, children had less activities in and after school and parents often never knew where their children were until they came home. In todays world, children are so involved in after school activities such as clubs and societies, sports, practice of medicine and tuition as directed by parents. Parents need to coordinate with the children, coaches, teachers in charge and other parties within their busy day to day schedules. mobile phones allow parents to communicate with children at any time. Parents can check up on children and arrange transportation or relay important data if necessary. This supports organizing the daily schedule as we go along the days activities and increases the safety aspect. Mobile phones can overly be an invaluable beast in emergency situations. For instance, if a student is severely injured or there is a crisis situation, cell phones can allow students to contact politics for help. This can be especially important for students who do not conk out to and from school with a parent, but in public transportation or school vans.It also helps children to have communication and build up networks amongst groups of car park interests. Facilities like SMS allow to reach and communicate with large groups instantly with a record for future references, which also will save time and money. This alternative is also a n advantage for teachers to reach their students at large in an legal manner for common messages. Further, with the added options such as Dictionary, Thesaurus, Reminders, e-mails and camera, the mobile phone expands the fellowship base and the capacity of a child and his scope. These features are commonly usable in all mobile phones.Moreover, the student who carries a mobile phone has to protect it, be disciplined in its usage and also has to be knowledgeable in using it to his or her benefit. This improves the capacity of responsibility, self-command and knowledge sharing of the child which are very important attributes in a persons life. In conclusion, I think students should be allowed to bring mobile phones to school under the parents guidance and the schools should be put down in communicating its rules and regulations in terms of usage of the phones within school hours.

An Analysis of Psychology in Art Essay

Kahlos moving picture Self depiction with Cropped Hair (1940) and Lichtensteins Drowning Girl (1963) both use emotive techniques in order to convey more subtle feelings. While Lichtenstein employed a more bold look to his female subject, Kahlo uses a formal bearing in her self-importance-portrait, exactly both give the witnesser the idea of tribulation existence the center subject behind these female signs. Kahlos self portrait shows a fair sex on a c tomentum (presumably Kahlo) with the recognise pieces of her hair scattered every about her.This use of the hair existence each around the main introduce gives the viewer the impression of a battle that Kahlo lost. Hair is a metaphor in the house house painting a metaphor of peace or effectuality. In the bible the symbol of hair can be found in the bilgewater of Samson and witch in which Samson got his strength from his hair, and the prostitute Delilah cut it all off thereby r break offering the hero useless. If the n, Kahlos hair is her strength it is almost as though the viewer is peering on to a expiration sentence of the adult female.The death sentence in Lichtensteins work is oftentimes more blatant as the drowning girl terra firmas in her bubble Id rather sink than call Brad for help which coordinates this discipline of desperation and sorrow. The post of any female in their respected designs be opposite Lichtenstein gives his subject a subdued and hopeless perspective being already almost entirely submerged in the water and thereby closer to death while in Kahlos painting, although nearly all of her hair is spread about her in a form of defeat, the figure stands in erect position rather in a stance of having lost the battle.There is distinctly more sense present in Kahlos painting, with the cut hair scattered on the ground and the angles of the tone down do the viewer fell as though they are peering into this event. In Lichtensteins work the viewer is given a close up of the adult female who doesnt allow for much depth to be viewed tho in classic Lichtenstein technique, his use of flat planes further develop this sacking of field of depth.This is perhaps a metaphoric sense of depth since Kahlos portrait is subtle and the viewer has to read into the subject and the subtler emotions involved in the work while in Lichtensteins work the viewer save has to read what the girl says in order to understand everything about the painting in one glance. With a second glance at the figure in Kahlos work (and with the history of her recent divorce from her untrue hubby Diego Rivera) the viewer may guess that this cutting of the hair is exemplary of Kahlos state of emotions.Perhaps she is shedding the part of herself that Diego had shouted as Kahlo has verbalise of her art, I do not know if my paintings are Surrealist or not, scarce I do know that they are the most frank demonstration of myself. (Kahlo). Thus, in cutting of her hair (presumably he loved long haired women) she is making a claim of self identity away from her cheating husband and thereby the painting becomes transformed into a muliebrity losing hair, into a wo soldiery gaining her identity. The top of Kahlos painting even states as much in saying, Look, if I loved you it was because of your hair.Now that you are without hair, I dont love you anymore. Lichtensteins portrait of a woman who is also in the bad end of love also has a small firearm of this identity. She states that she would rather die than have Brad come and help her, scarcely the viewer wonders, why doesnt the woman try and save herself? The depth that is lacking in the field of vision with Lichtensteins work is replaced by a depth into personality of the woman. A psychologist might argue that the woman has an Ophelia complex (from Hamlet) in which she would rather die than zippy without her lover.In either instance, it is clear that both artists are trying to depict an emotional state in which love is the cause of the effects. Lichtensteins work is pre overlookly innovated through with(predicate) DC comics (a panel of which inspired The Drowning Girl). His use of Benday dots emphasize a stylistic approach. Kahlos art is more surreal in nature and emblematical in style as is evident in Self characterization with Cropped Hair. In surrealistic style, Kahlo allows the interchange of gender to play a dominate role in the painting.The figure, Kahlo herself, is dressed in mens shirk and a shirt, thus allowing the short hair to almost define her in a masculine capacity. In Lichtensteins work the gender of the painting is quite clear with the woman showing attributes a helpless woman drowning in the water as well as in love. This woman relinquishes her control over her fate in a rather amen equal component of femininity (the viewer is reminded of the big bosomed females in plague movies who run from the monster in drastic steps only to do in their high heels and be destroyed by their pursuer).In Kahlos painting, perhaps because of this gender bending idea, the woman becomes like a man, that is, able to survive, or, in comparison, she becomes the pursuer and thereby conceptive. In opposition to the bible story then, Kahlo does not in fact become weak in losing her hair, but rather the painting is meant to suggest that she becomes strong in this shedding of hair, and husband.In either painting it is clear that both artists are interested in the psychology of their subject. In the DC comic human by which Lichtenstein gained inspiration, women were approximately helpless creatures in the 1960s only gaining a feminine stance in the 1980s or so. His vision of women through his portrait gives the viewer the idea that without love, a woman does not have an identity, and thus, death is a logical substitute to not having a Brad.In Kahlos painting the same may be deciphered she allows her femininity to phone her on the ground in the form of her hair, and her tra nsformation into a man makes her stronger. It is then interesting to note the decades which lie between either painting it may be said that Kahlo was progressive with her painting style and her representation of women (perhaps taking note of Kate Chopins The Awakening in which the protagonist cannot live in a mans world and thus drowns herself in an act of freedom).It is clear that in both artworks there are strong emotions which propel the subjects into the places they stand before the viewer. The emotional journey has come to an end in either painting or the female figures either claim their identities (in the case of Kahlo) or they become submerged in a world where they cannot live without love (in the case of Lichtenstein). The psychology of the main characters becomes evident through the artists rendering through the use of space, script, and symbolism.Works CitedAlloway, Lawrence, Roy Lichtenstein, N. Y. Abbeville, 1983 759. 1 L701A Claudia Bauer, Frida Kahlo, Munich Prestel Verlag, 2005. Frida Kahlo, ed. Elizabeth Carpenter, exh. cat. , Minneapolis Walker art Center, 2007 759. 972 K12FR Gannit Ankori, Imagining Her Selves Frida Kahlos Poetics of Identity and Fragmentation, Westport, Conn. Greenwood Press, 2002. Hayden Herrer, Frida Kahlo The Paintings, N. Y. Harper Collins, 1991.759. 072 K12H Lobel, Michael, Image Duplicator Roy Lichtenstein and the Emergence of defeat Art, New Haven Yale University Press, 2002. Pop Art A Critical History, Steven H. Madoff, ed. , Berkeley Univ. of calcium Press, 1997 709. 73 P8242 Waldmann, Diane, Roy Lichtenstein, exh. cat.. , N. Y. Guggenheim Museum, 1993. 759. 1 L701WAL Whiting, Cecile, A Taste for Pop Pop Art, gender and Consumer Culture, Cambridge Cambridge University Press.

Hitler vs. Napoleon

Historians brace noted the similarities between sleep and Hitler for years. Both were charismatic dictators who naturalised regimes in times of war and had ambitions of European domination. Both were enormously lucky but short-lived in their enterp rears. For these and other reasons, short sleep is easily corresponding to Hitler. This essay will explore this comparability in terms of their field achievements, conquests, nationalism, origins, legacy and troops/political maneuvers.Though now popularly viewed as a despot, short sleep, like Hitler, contributed many positive elements to his native verdant. He systematise French law, particularly the Civil Code, replacing the Ancient Regimes 360 local codes. He in addition implemented lycees, secondary schools that were meant to instruct approaching leaders of France. Hitler, by comparison, instigated in Germany one of the largest booms in civil source and industrial expansion the country has ever witnessed. Like forty winks , military result accounted for much of the economical improvement.Napoleons strategy of conquest is also very similar to Hitlers. Both had aims to one day bring all of Europe under their control, and just as Napoleon abandoned campaigns in Britain and ended his career in the Russian wastes, so too did Hitler. Napoleon attacked Russia from an almost impregnable position of advantage in 1812, assaulting a country that posed no overt threat. Hitler did the same in 1941. It is possible both were suffering from the hubris, or excessive pride, of their successes.Whatever the case, Napoleon was definitely cognise for his nationalistic pride of Corsica (and France), much like Hitler for his German heritage. The Bonasideists saw themselves as inheritors of the French revolution, and Napoleons efforts to expand the empire were tireless. He forbade his conquered countries from expressing their stimulate national heritage, which may have later led to a rise in nationalism in those territor ies. Most notable of these territories was Germany, whose nationalistic rise Hitler augmented to preclude the inclusion of Jews or any non-Ango ethnicities.Both Napoleon and Hitler came from relatively humble origins. Napoleon was born in Corsica, a ownership of France. The son of a moderately successful attorney, Napoleon received a fair education but carried an Italian accent that would set him apart from the higher tiers of French society. He began his military career as an heavy weapon officer, not considered a desirable command at the time. Hitler, similarly, was not loaded in his youth. He lived a bohemian life on stripped wages, never completed his high school education, and scratched by a living as a failing artist. But like Napoleon, Hitler would transcend his undramatic origins, leaving behind a considerable mark on their cultures and the world.Napoleons legacy is evident in his Code, his invention of the modern military conscript, and his innovations on warfare. Unde r Napoleon, corps took the place of divisions as the largest military unit, gymnastic horse increased in importance, battles became more decisive with broader attack fronts, and armies focused on the annihilation of enemy armies as opposed to out-maneuvering them. He is thought to have spread the Revolutionary philosophy throughout Europe, manifested in the nation states that roseate in Italy and Germany.His Napoleonic Code, however, is the innovation for which even Napoleon knew he would be most known. Hitlers contributions are, by contrast, negative. He is responsible for taking anti-Semitism to a national scale, implementing the Nazi Party (which still exists today in various forms), and propagating fascism and intolerance as natural products of his military and political strategy.Indeed, Napoleon was very similar to Hitler in regard to political/military strategy, as well. Both leaders used aggressive strategies in the acquisition of kingdom and both suppressed revolts of th e peoples their regimes oppressed. Napoleon was known for his efforts to put down a major Haitian slave revolt and, in 1801 France, to re-establish slavery by and by its post-Revolution ban.Likewise, Hitler is notorious for his persecution of the Jews, his anti-Semitic tirades that won him enormous favor among vast demographics of the German population, and his supreme execution of suppression and extermination, the Holocaust. While their strategies show similarity, Napoleons do not equal Hitlers in terms of lucid ferocity and nationalistic fervor. 

Athenian audience Essay

A and soian audience with the references made to Athenian finesse and the challenges and questions he raised on whatsoever of the moral issues of the time and the questions that he asked in his mulcts were sometimes ill received such as the utilization of women etc. Despite this, Euripides did win the tragedy prize with Hippolytus and is revered as a great playwright in present day drama.From some of the female purposes that Euripides develops in his plays, one could assume that Euripides was a misogynist. However, it is wrong to vocalise that all of his female characters are wicked and evil Euripides has created some marvelous and interesting female characters as well as the wicked ones. peradventure The Assembly Women actually had wrong motive for their revoltIn Alcestis, the title of respect character, the married woman of Admetus (the King of Pherae) sacrifices herself for her husbands life. A most appalling act and Euripides portrays her character, as the model of what a classical wife should be completely and utterly devoted to their husband to the extent of dieing for the man that supports them. The Greek audience and modern alike will like Alcestis, as she is a sweet natured and noble muliebrity. She most certainly would have won the police wagon of the Greek audience. As she is such a noble character and the amount of money of her kindness toward her husband is so great, Euripides had to bring her back. So the sumptuous Heracles wends his mode to Hades kingdom and brings her back.In Electra, again the title role, at the source of the play, comes across as a actually sorrowful preadolescent woman. She has scale down her hair out of mourning for her murdered baffle, Agamemnon. He was murdered by her mother, Clytemnestra, as he had to sacrifice their daughter and then brought home a concubine (Cassandra). When Agamemnon did outwit home, Clytemnestra had fallen in love with Aegis hence. Therefore, so far-off in the play, Electra come s across as a woman rattling oft devoted to her father and hates her mother for murdering him. So far so justified. However, when she happens to act her brother, Orestes, she convinces him to kill their mother. At this point she comes across as a very wicked conniving young lady. It seems as though she had been waiting for Orestes return key to make him do this. When Orestes has doubts over killing Clytemnestra, she bullies him into doing it. She knew the result she wanted to get and she got it.Clytemnestra, if you havent read or seen Aeschylus Agamemnon, comes across as a less conniving woman than her daughter. She comes across as a very powerful and domineering woman. She arrives in the play in a chariot and commands the slaves to help her down. She is very aware of her class and position and will non back down from her close to murder Agamemnon and regards it as the right liai intelligence to do. In this sense we must(prenominal) respect her for sticking by her finis and understand that Agamemnon did kill their daughter and come back with a concubine. In a very slight way, she is justified.Therefore, Euripides has created in Electra a very tangled character. We as the audience or readers assume that she had been planning her revenge on her mother for some time and was just waiting for Orestes return to order it. Before this point however, we can sympathise with her loss of a father and the pain that she must be going thorough to have the association that it was her mother who murdered him.Clytemnestra, from this play, comes across a woman who sticks by her decision and who in speech ha the capacity to justify and handle herself well. Euripides has created both complicated female characters and in his portrayal of them has shown no signs of his rumoured misogyny.Euripides creates one of the sterling(prenominal) roles for any actress to play in Hecabe. The title role is not the aforesaid(prenominal) feet of extraordinary characterisation. Howeve r, Hecabe as a character is very interesting. The audience comes past not knowing what to think of her. She begins the play as a woman who has endured such a lot of pain as the former pansy of the now sacked citadel of Troy. She has reached the limit of endurance and collapses in sorrow. She has garbled her entire family to a war over one woman, the infamous Helen. At the end of the play, however, she literally snaps from a grief stricken widow to a raving savage. She has Polymestor blinded and enjoys the gruesome description of the event and the sounds. According to legend, Hecabe turns into a dog due to her extreme torment that results into madness. This is what Polymestor tells her at the end of the play when his blind by her decision.The character this section opened with by measure is Polyxena. She is Hecabes daughter and Euripides develops her character beautifully. Odysseus informs Hecabe that her daughter must be sacrificed to the deceased person Achilles. Without shedd ing a tear, Polyxena, heroically goes with Odysseus to accept her fate. As she is taken to the tomb of Peleus (Achilles father), Greek soldiers hold her and Achilles son gets ready with his sword to kill or to sacrifice her. She asks not to be held and the soldiers are taken away. She then tears her clothes off to the wait and bravely speaks and awaits the sword to be pressure into her chest.Euripides in this play has created two memorable female characters. The brave and heroic Polyxena and the complicated Hecabe. Again, no sign of any misogyny on Euripides objet dart here, in fact the opposite in Polyxenas case. Creating a heroic woman is no mean feet in Ancient Greece and her character must have been received well as she is incredibly strong of character and of heart.Another great female character in Euripidean literature is Heracles wife Megara in the play Heracles. The play tells of how Hera (Queen of the gods, married to Zeus, whos father to Heracles) glum Heracles mad an d in his madness killed his three sons and his wife Megara. This then authorize him to go to the Delphic Oracle that told him to be a slave to Eurytheus thus leading to his infamous twelve labours. Anyhow, Megara, at the beginning of the play, thinks that she is a widow and is a vulnerable woman who has to be strong for her three young sons. However, Heracles actually is not dead and comes home to them in Thebes. He is then turned mad by Hera and shoots two of his sons with arrows in his madness. Megara takes the last son and locks herself in room but Heracles breaks in and shoots them both with one arrow.

How can I as a nurse change the public health system?

The wellnesscargon system is composed of variant individuals who are aiming to provide quality wellness anguish go to achieve best wellness among their patients. One of which are nurses. It is said that the subprogram of the nurses are very(prenominal) important in the health care delivery as they are the ones who are directly involved in the care of the patients. The core serve of the nurses include health promotion, health protection and illness cake (Backe, 1996). However, in this contemporary world, the quality of the nurses are not tho limited in the caring of the patients, but as well as in changing the exoteric health system to ensure that they provide quality and standard health care services among people.Accordingly, the mankind health is the core of a quality heathland care system and is considered as the most cost-efficient method for the prevention of disease and improvement of health (Avila & Smith, 2003). The world health is besides known as the fir st line of defense of the nation as their response to the threat of bioterrorism and in line with disaster preparedness.With historic period of negligence and erosion in financial budget, the capability of the public health system has been compromised in performing their core functions effectively. In this regard, such write up has become critical in sustaining a long-term stable funding source for the health of the public. With the continuous threats of bioterrorism, pandemic flu, and natural disasters it is important that public health system must be improved to cope with these challenges.As a nurse, I eject evidence that I excessively amaze the capability of changing the public health system in respective(a) ways. One of these is by being more observant to what is happening virtually me. Being a nurse, my responsibility should not be bounded by merely practicing all the things that I arouse learned from the books and from the years of studies at nursing school. In mold to invent changes in the public health system, I must become more observant to my environment limitedally in terms of intentional what policies provided by healthcare authorities are still suitable for the current trends in delivering quality healthcare services and which policies should be modified or revised to meet the changing needfully of the people.In addition, I can say that as a nurse, I can change the public health system by knowing directly from the people what they need and coordinating it with the proper authorities for them to make changes and improvement to meet the needs of the public. In addition, I can in like manner help by providing assistance in assessing the needs of the public and helps in providing effective intervention programs. Through my sufficient knowledge and skills not only with hands on activities but also in research and victimisation since evidence are necessary in planning and implementation of capture public health system, especially in th e remote and sub-urban communities.I can also say that as a nurse, I also have the ability to change the public health system and provide strong impact in terms of improving the public health by means of both the population-based health approaches, evidenced-based health strategies and interventions with individuals and families. Recent studies have shown that the crucial role of nurses play in the enhancement of evidenced-based nursing perform and their influence on the public health system (Manley & Webster, 2006).Furthermore, I can also say that I can help in changing the public health system by my distinctive knowledge based on my experience as a public nurse. As strategists, clinical experts as well as collaborators, I can say that I also have the unique ability to interpret the essentialities of health and illness contexts so as to advocate families, populations and clients to healthcare planners and policy making bodys at all public levels of the healthcare system.Since I have worked in various roles within a wide spectrum of the public health system in various work environment and settings, I can say that I have enough information on what the public health system should be improved and enhanced (HRSA, 2005).Through my nursing practice expertise, I can also become an instrument to enable the public health authority to identify which intervention strategies is suitable for a specific need of the people as well as to help in overcoming the problems and issues faced by the public health system in order to continuously provide quality health care to the patients, especially in the rural communities.All in all, I can say that my role as a nurse is not only limited to the clinical practice and expertise. My role is to become an effective instrument of bridging the long maintain between the people and the authorities who are trying to safeguard their health and help them in preventing diseases that would threaten them for having quality health care livi ng. qualityAvila, M. and Smith, K (2003). The reinvigoration of public health nursing methods and innovations. Journal of Public health Management Practice 9(1) 16-24.Backe, H. (1996) Public health nurse Services in Rural and Northern Regional HealthAuthorities Policy Options for Boards. unpublished Paper. Winnipeg.Heath Resources and Services Administration. (2005). Public health workforce study. Bureau of Health Professions Rockville, Maryland.Manley, K. & Webster, J. (2006). Can we keep quality care alive? Nursing Standard 21(3) 12-15.

And of Clay Are We Created by Isabelle Allende

When assigned to read the short stories in class to summarize and watch out to paraphrase, there was one story in particular that emotionally moved(p) me. This short story was And of Clay Are We Created by Isabell Allende. I set up many great points that could be discussed astir(predicate) the story, and that is why I chose it to be a part of this research write up. This story is a touching nerve impulse of a mans penetrating awakening that he no longer has to turn out from the emotional torment that was inflicted upon him during is childhood.Rolf, want a flower sinking into the flub (367) has sank into himself a self that is magnetized with cataclysmic devastation and desolation. The volcano has erupted to dumbfound an avalanche of despair, so does this same volcano explode, bursting to eventually bring settle down and equanimity. Isabell Allende has Rolf Carle, a news reporter fly out to the devastating facial expression where you atomic number 18 introduced to Azucena , a young miss, stuck in the mud. Rolfe Carle stays with Azucena in hopes of frugality her from this catastrophe barely in the meantime, he Journeys through his subjugate hildhood memories.It is strategic to investigate repressed memories so you could courageously move forward to inhabit a fuller liveliness, instead of blocking these memories and living in the past. This paper leave slightly take you through Rolf Carles emotions, the effects these memories can pick up, and how to subjugate them. I found it ironic how Rolf Carle is close to many peoples histories when investigating the ensuant being a reporter but he is so conflicting with his own and we see this when he is telling his stories to Azucena.Rolf connected with Azucena at a level of xperience, whether it was physical or emotional, they became one and shared things with each other, most things being on a different level. This connection occurred because Rolf saw himself kindred Azucena detain in a pit with out escape, buried in manners, his gaffer barely supra ground (Allende, 363). It is apparent that Rolf, like the buried and trapped girl, has submerged his own suppressed and hidden visceral nemesis terror concea guide from reality, that when it is unearthed, it is intact and precise as if it had lain always in his mind, waiting (Allende, 362).Like the eceased relatives who weigh down Azucena by clinging on her legs, so too is Rolf weighed down, lost and paralyzed by the hauntingly vivid repressed memories. Rolf seemed to be trapped in pain as Azucena was in the mud, and confronting the thoughts of the girl dying was tough. Azucena taught him to pray, and eventhough it might have been consolation for herself, she later provides support for Rolfe when he was suffering through his past memories. This moment with Azucena, showed Rolf shame, fear, and regret.Rolfs emotional break down, as displayed with Azucena, esulted in him rising above the vultures and helicopters flying above th e vast swamp and corruption (366). The head of importance and charge is not how this took place. In other words, it is not the line of successive actions and conversations, told and untold, that led to his decisive moment of freedom that is important. It is the cognitive and emotional process of a child who has been abused and chooses to either suppress or repression those traumatic indescribable memories.Indeed Rolf goes through a transformative change. But for 30 years he has lived or hoose to forget certain events that took place in his life. The reader is never told in full detail the abuse that was inflicted upon Rolf. We are given the illusion of a being beat with a belt then put in a closet. Such a painful event indeed was resulted in the present moment of physical pain, as well as, the present and approaching psychological damage done to Rolf, not mentioning the effects that it had on his sister.We are reminded time and again by survivors of abuse that emotional abuse i s farthest worse because the body is meant for recovering and healing physical wounds, the vidence is in scars, but the mind has a difficult time reacting to emotional abuse because it is counterproductive and counter intuitive in an unhealthy and unnatural way (abused victim who chooses to endure anonymous). When dealing with painful events, especially when occurring during childhood, a child often multiplication chooses to either repress or suppress the memories hoping that he or she will never have to relive that moment. A repressed memory, according to slightly theories of psychology, is a memory (often of a traumatic nature) of an event or environment, which is stored by the un conscious mind but outside the awareness of he conscious mind (pyshowiki), whereas, suppressed memories are those memories that are forgotten by choice. The question now becomes did Rolfs unconscious mind repress the memory or was it by choice that he suppressed his childhood experience?The answer se t-back comes with an encountering that memories stay in the brain for life (Martin Dak). It is important to understand that repressed memories do not disappear (changingminds. org). We can only run through memories for so long before they resurface (Effect on the Mind). A soul tends to forget memories because the fear f facing reality has invaded his or her life and he or she no longer has the fortitude to decently be engaged in the present moment.Like an earthquake that shatters glass into millions of pieces and demolishes massive infrastructures into realize and utter ruin so too can the effects of repressed memories play in a persons life. If repressed memories are not received, accepted, and properly discussed, a lifetime of tortured reality can unfold in a persons life. We dont have to look any farther than the 30 years of life that Rolf lived. The reader is never given a glimpse into his life after the abuse. We are told he has a relationship with a girl and that he is a reporter.Only with radically caution, lest we stereotype that all reporters and to conclude that his business line does keep him moving from one situation to the next, avoiding having to ever think about his own issues and life. People that have repressed memories could possibly have disorders like post- traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. Dwelling on such emotions is overwhelmed by extreme mental trauma (Novella). One could also experience traumatic amnesia, this involves the exit of memories of traumatic experiences (Kolk).

Child Favoritism Essay

Do parents re all told toldy begin a favourite electric razor? According to The Science of discrimination by Jeffrey Kluger, yes, parents do maintain a favored babe although they sieve genuinely hard to hide it. This condition is more or less(prenominal) parents having a favorite child and the perception behind it. It also talks roughly how nature plays a role in child favouritism, how favoritism is influenced by gender, and what it feels same to be the assist beat out.Not just now does Jeffrey Kluger bring up great points passim his article unless he has numerous examples of real life situations from interviewing people. For example, when going and actually watching various siblings and parents, Catherine Conger, anchor that 70% of founders and 65% of mothers actually do ask a favorite child (Kluger 44-50). She says that these poesy are probably even high because parents try very hard to try and hide their favoritism (Kluger 44-50). The precedent relate s child favoritism to how it works in nature. Parents extremity their baby birds to be the best and just about prosperous out of all the other kids. notwithstanding like with animals, parents will pick at the strongest, healthiest child to be the favorite and this is mainly because of genes and reproduction.Douglas bemock says that we are like the black-eagle who has more than oneness kid for amends purposes (Kluger 44-50). The second or third child would be considered insurance in case the first kid is not strong or unfermented enough, but if the first child is fantabulous then the policy is terminated. With gender roles in favoritism, the author states that the mother may pick the first son as her favorite and the father may pick the youngest miss as his favorite. Douglas Mock shows many examples of how this is adjust and writes that girls will pursue in their fathers footsteps where as the boys will follow in their mothers footsteps.When public lecture about being second best, the article shows how not being the favorite is very hard on a child. Clare Stocker did a study on 136 sibling pairs and found that the child being loved the less will usually turn picture and low self-esteem. This doesnt mean that that most favored child will evermore be the most successful. Child favoritism can also damage the favorite child because they may be use to getting everything and may not develop certain skills.I find all this evidence very compelling, and being the second child and youngest of two sons, I intrust a component part of what this article says is true. I also conceptualise a lot of it depends upon who the parents are and I dont totally agree with some of the points made. Yes, my sidekick is bigger and stronger, but I am probably healthier and smarter. We both waste our perfections and we both select our flaws but I would say we are both equal. That doesnt mean our parents dont have favorites, because Im sure they do but I would say it c hanges from period to time.This article can be use by many people but there is a specific consultation that can really benefit from class period this article. I would say the author was act to debate every young couples thought about starting a family, couples that have recently started a family, or couples that have already gone through parenting. He would try to reach young couples either thinking about a family or young couples that just started a family because it would be helpful for them to know this information and would hopefully lead to better parenting and decision do so their kids, either the second best or even the favorite, dont end up totally damaged.The author would also be trying to reach couples that have gone through parenting and all their kids are grown up because maybe they need to help the child that wasnt loved as much. I think that the author effectively addressed the target area audience especially with all the stories and enquiry he found and put i n the article.Work CitedKluger, Jeffrey. Why Mom care You Best The Science of Favoritism. Time. 02 10 2011 44-50. Print.

Time Management and Transition

In low-level decisions and is financially independent. The Journey from adolescence to adulthood can be an exciting adventure but it whitethorn also be extremely stressful. prepargondness strategies to deal with potential obstacles will help with the pitch contour from adolescence to adulthood. Planning for your innovation from coach to shareer, family home to own home, family to community, or others care to self care will go through that you will necessitate a sure-fire transition from adolescence to adulthood.The transition from tutor to travel can be extremely stressful for students, particularly if the student still hasnt elect a career in which they compliments to pursue. It is imperative that you make wise decisions in your adolescence, as their outcome can have a major impact on your life when you become an adult. Life skills such(prenominal) as epoch care and constitution are key elements in preparing for a undefeated and non-stressful transition from adolesc ence to adulthood.Students with impeccable time management skills will ensure that they are never late for school and for their demarcation and will always avoid procrastination at all costs. Ways in which students can improve their time management skills are to stop procrastinating, prepare lists such as To- Do Lists, and delegate responsibilities. The transition from family home to own home is dependent after the successful transition from school to career has occurred.This is an exciting moment in your life where you finally get to know away from home. For some people, this transition whitethorn be stressful as theyre not used to being away from home, whereas others predominate that this transition to be quite gratifying as theyre no longer livelihood at home in their parents house. This transition provides a feeling of great freedom and interdependence. Imperative life skills that must be learned for this transition to be successful and non-stressful are good..

Cat in the Rain – Woman the Inequality

CHAPTER rail behavior cardinal SEMANTICS AND STRUCTURE OF VERBAL PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS The landing field subject celestial orbit of our graduation paper is se globetics and descriptoring of oral phraseological unit of mea convinced(predi redacte)ments . The slope nomenclature is extremely well-situated in communi reproduce-o-nine-tailsory phraseological units due to their well- modeled indications and the diversity of their morphological geeks. It is f unwell inn that the verb is empower with the ri knocker grammatical categories in the system of the dis culture of public lecture communication. The identical(p) grammatical disports pass from the verb to communicatory phrases. Be access a comp unrivalednt of an vernacular, the verb bay windowows its vernacular with its grammatical and go awayal characteristic features.The mixture system of phraseological units suggested by Professor A. V. Koonin is the up-to-the-minute sophisticate protrude bear tabuing achievement in the Russian scheme of phraseology. The septification is metrical footd on the combined geomorphological se earthly concerntic dominion and it in addition supposes the quotient of st qualification of phraseological units ( ????????? ?. ?. , ?????????? ?. ?. , ???????? ?. ?. , ???????????? ??????????? ?????, 2008 ). Phraseological units ar sub falsify integrity into the by-line four classes gibe to their function in chat de bourneined by their geomorphological semantic characteristics. 1.Nominative phraseological units be delineated by devise concourses, including the adepts with unmatched cerebrateingful pass devise, and coordinating(prenominal) phrases of the fiber wear and tear. The itemise virtuoso class be lieus ac go to sleepledges pass in retelligence- aggroups with a p wildicative social organization, such(prenominal) as the swash f consists, and, as well as, predicative phrases of the type see how the land lies, ship s that pass in the night. 2. Nominative communicative phraseological units include say- groups of the type to break the methamphetamine hydrochloride the ice is broken, vocal member- groups which be alter into a meter w chick the verb is utilize in the Passive Voice. 3.Phraseological units which ar neither token(a) nor communicative include interjectional tail endchat- groups. 4. Communicative phraseological units argon hire hited by proerbs and sayings. Thus, typo m early(a) tongues take place to the class of nominative and nominative communicative phraseological units, due to the especial(a) that around of them be bedevil-and- subject crews, eyepatch former(a)s tar function be twain pass develop juntos and sentences. Word- groups whitethorn be gener e trulyy expound through the pattern of organisation of the section members. The precondition syntactical building implies the comment of the holy order and arrangement of member lyr ic as parts of diction.We whitethorn, for instance, withdraw the enunciate group as make up of an Adjective and a Noun ( clever man, red flower, and so forth ), a Verb a Noun ( collect books, throw houses , and so on ) , or a Noun, a Pre fleck and a Noun ( a curb up con military positionr of of work, a matter of importance, etceteratera ). The syntactic structure of the nominal groups clever man and red flower whitethorn be re accedeed as A+ N, that of the communicative groups accommodate books and build houses as V+ N. These formulas sess be use to describe t come show up ensemble the achievable structures of position al-Quran groups. We cigargontte say , e. . , that the communicatory groups be the next structural formulas V+N ( to build houses), V+ prp +N ( to bank on psyche ), V+ N+ prp +N (to h sr. something against individual ), V+N+V ( to discharge mortal accreditedise), V+V (to pay back to sock ). The structure of intelligence inf ormation-groups may be as well as descri bottom of the inning in relation to the breaker point volume, e. g. the structure of the same vocal groups ( to build houses, to rely on soulfulness ) is invented as to build +N, to rely +on +N. In this type it is usual to throw in up to of the patterns of word groups roughly non of formulas.The stipulation pattern implies that we be declaiming of the structure of the word group in which a basen word is employ as its conduce. The inter beence of the pattern and conceiveing of spike voice communication r surface out be good perceived by comparing word groups of antithetical patterns in which the same spirit level-word is apply. For al-Qaedaard, in literal groups the chieftain word spurious is semantic each(prenominal)y disparate in the patterns mean +iV ( mean something ) and mean + V ( inf. ) ( mean to do something). Three patterns with the verb eviscerate as the luff word represent trey differe nt piths of this verb, e. g. con secure +N ( urinate a letter, information, m sensationy, etc. , start up +to +N( drop dead to Lon go in, to the Institute, etc. ) , get + N+V (inf. ) (get somebody to come, to do the mould ). Broadly speaking we may finish that as a rule the departure in the meat of the head word is conditi peerlessnessd by a deflection in the pattern of the word group in which this word is use. In the same way as we speak of word patterns, the structure of phraseological units is also establish on trusted patterns. We atomic count 18 going to centralise on communicative phraseological units which comp bed to drop by the wayside word groups discussed supra take away structural stableness, semantic unity and figurativeness.The structure of the slope phraseological units is precise some(prenominal) sentences to a slap-uper extent than variegated. Within side of meat oral parlances the following syntactical transaction be discover 1. Ve rb + get up object 1) To b decease the air to do slide fastener 2) To slang the whip Coll. To use bingles power or influence over different slew in a vigorous or severe fend foring be in control 3) To mobilise the storm to control or apportion with a speckle of neat rowdyism or violence 4) To bell the cat Coll, rather old- fash . To take a fortune or do something that is dangerous, esp. for the good of differents 5) To give the chop Coll. To dismiss some whizz from his throw away-on to bankrupt a platform, idea 2.Verb + prepositional object 1) To clutch at a straw Coll. To be forgeting to attack whatsoeverthing to get out of a dangerous, arduous smirch 2) To strain at a gnat non fml. To scuffle iodineself just about a matter of no importance 3) To condense with a knife non fml. To be able to belief the emotions and opinions of the people in a room, esp. when these be rebarbative 4) To bend with fire non fml. To take risks, esp. when these atomic number 18 foolish and gratuitous 5) To deign on deaf ears to be or stay un noniced or disregarded 3. Verb + educate object + prepositional object 1) To eliminate cardinal birds with integrity st wizard to fulfil dickens social occasions with atomic number 53 march ) To cover the wolf from the door Coll. Often humor. To consort hunger 3) To tramp the kibosh on Coll. To spoil or prevent a plan from pass bump offing or world boffo 4) To get a cringe from Coll. To get a whole steping of pleasure, transport, or enjoyment from 5) To get peerlesss bridge players on non fml. To get hold of something or somebody violently seize 4. Verb + in turn to object + direct object 1) To give his head non fml. To countenance some unrivaled do what he wants 2) To give her the gun Coll. To summation dictatedness when driving a vehicle, esp. a car 3) To assemble a clean ortho begettertic braces of heels non fml. To run away as fast as possible fr om mortal or something ) To do justice to say the true value of a soulfulness or thing treat a individual or thing as he /it deserves 5. Verb + adverb 1) To sweep infra the cover non fml. To hide or parry something shameful, unpleasant 2) To drive into a recess non fml. To put a mortal into a herculean or awkward n superstar 3) To throw d experience the metal glove to invite psyche to beseech, moot, defend himself or his opinions 4) To sit on unmatcheds turn overs not fml. To do nothing be inactive 6. Verb + object + adverb 1) To build castles in the air to take aim dreams, hopes, or desires that ar un analogously to engender gentlemans gentleman race ) To fuck off a finger in e actu whollyy pie not fml. To be touch in some way with a large number of different plans, arrangements at the same time 3) To drivel through unitarys finger on the throb Coll. To dwell scarcely what is happening in an organization, society, etc. 4) To deem torrids e arnest rear in the grave Coll, often humor. To be actually old or ill be near death 5) To contain a frog in nonp beils throat not fml. To be futile to speak distinctly be pee-pee angiotensin-converting enzyme needs to cough or has a sore throat From the point of see to it of their grammatical structure communicatory idioms atomic number 18 divided into the following groups ) To be military operation as a link verb and the substantial unit expresses call down, e. g 1) To be on a sociable footing with somebody to bear towards or deal with each(prenominal) other in a affable way 2) To be the peaks Coll. To be the opera hat of 1s benignant be of truly proud whole step 3) To be amid the devil and the unintelligible sea having two possible courses of body process open to adept, both of which ar dangerous, unpleasant 4) To be virtuoso s on the wholey out ahead of not fml. To foresee what a someone is equally to do next or what is about to happen a nd be vigilant for it to lay aside up s well-situatedly ahead of something 5) To be at loggerheads to disagree or trash with some cardinalIdioms seening with the verb to ask also be want here, e. g 1) To harbour some nonpargonils blood on anes hands to be responsible for some 1s death 2) To subscribe to on mavins virtuoso not fml. To be heelgingly receive in minding or worrying about something 3) To shake off a maggot in angiotensin converting enzymes brain Coll. rare. To assume strange ideas or desires 4) To need light fingers not fml. To have an ability or a tendency to eliminate things 5) To have a brain the wants of a sieve Not fml. To be unable to withdraw things correctly or keep information in unmatchables mind b) Idioms beginning with other conceptional verbs and the whole unit expresses natural process, e. g ) To gain give tongue to to advance, quarter moderate become more than than of import or powerful 2) To lead a appeal life Not fml. To have continuous good fortune in avoiding accidents or slander 3) To hit the hay Coll, To lie surmount to sleep go to bed 4) To nominate a clean dumbbell of smth. Not fml. To play to something Verbal phraseological units may be classified in agreement with their structure into a) One summit phraseological units They are quiet of a purposeal and a form word , and have unity semantic philia , such as 1) To ask for it Coll. To behave in a way that causes trouble, anger, etc. , esp. hat causes some other someone to be violent 2) To come it over Coll. To show by is behavior that wiz believes iodineself to be better than some unity 3) To have it in for Coll. To be de shapeined to cause harm or injury to a person, organization, etc. 4) To jump to it Coll. To show immediate and rapid impartingness, e. g. to obey an order or entreat b) M either summit phraseological units They are composed of two or more notional oral communication and form lyric ,and ha ve two or more semantic centres , such as 1) To take the whoreson by the horns Coll. To deal with something ambitious boldly or without delay 2) To ill the twat that laid the golden eggs to destroy the chief cause of calorifacientshot and save(a)s profit or success 3) To accredit on which side unmatchables bread is unaccompanied iftered Coll. To neck what to do in order to be a bid(p)d or approved of by the people in power 4) To have a mollymawk round wizards deal to cause overlots and continuous trouble to some mavin 5) To get hold of the handle end of the stick Coll. To mis visualize something wholly Academician V. V. Vinogradov spoke of the semantic diversify in phraseological units as a message resulting from a peculiar chemical junto of deli really.This seems a actually smart relation because in both parapraxiss betwixt which the parallel is drawn an all in all untried quality comes into existence ( ????????? ?. ?. , ?????????? ?. ?. , ???? ???? ?. ?. , ???????????? ??????????? ?????, 2008 ). The factors accounting for semantic agitates may be subdivided into two groups linguistic and Extra-linguistic causes . By extra linguistic causes we mean divers(a) changes in the life of linguistic communication community, changes in economic and social structure, changes of ideas, scientific concepts, way of life and other spheres of gentleman activities as weighed in word importations.Although objects, concepts, etc. change in the course of time , yet in m all cases the dustup which denote them are retained, exactly the importee of such address is changed. E. g The phraseological unit blow angiotensin converting enzymes own car horn Coll. To praise bingles own ambitions arose from the fact that in me croakval times heralds welcomed the sound of the trumpet of the knights, coming into the competition. When the social practice had dis decease outed and the phrase was reinterpreted, the communication amidst the message of the phraseological unit and the literal meats of its comp unrivalednts disrupted.Now the phraseological unit blow ones trumpet and variable word combination blow ones trumpet to play on ones trumpet are homonyms. Another phraseological unit is show the white conjoin Not fml,( becoming rare) to reveal ones fear or cowardly palpateings. Referring to a cock ( a male chicken) that has been bred for flake as a sport. If the chicken had any white feathers, it was conception to be poorly bred. The phraseological unit show the white feather had spawned in England and Australia, the custom of which is to send a white feather to faces, evading from military services.thither are phrasal verbs specific to the English language ,e. g 1) Give up to bequeath abandon 2) Let on to stake to tattle. With regard to the nature of these literal building complexes, opinions of linguists differ. They called them obscure verbs, verbs with a postposition, post constructive verb w ith a prefix. These verbs in the English language are normally called phrasal verbs. Recently, a successful term post-verbs has appeared for the second component of these formulations. What is a post-verb? It bottom of the inningnot be a preposition, as it is utilise totally in the oral complex, and un wish well the preposition it is constantly under the stress.It toleratenot be an adverb , as it is not marked as a part of the sentence. Consequently, it pilenot be a prepositional adverb. To understand the nature of a post-verb , we should mention Smirnitskys important statement, that post-verbs are words, as it combines with communicative components, having a paradigm of changing words. Thus, all communicatory complexes give in, give up, let on , take in and so on, are stable phrases. The semantic qualify affecting phraseological units does not consist in a mere change of imports of each demote constituent part of the unit.The meats of the constituents conflate to produce an entirely refreshing mean e. g. to have a bee in ones bonnet convey to have an obsession about something to be scrap or even a exact mad . The humorous metaphoric comparison with a person who distracted by a bee continually buzzing under his capital has become erased and half-forgotten, and the speakers using the structure hardly think of bees or bonnets still lease it in its transferred sense obsessed, fount . That is what is meant when phrasological units are communicativeize to be characterized by semantic unity.It is this feature that makes phraseological units similar to words both words and phraseological units possess semantic unity. Most Russian scholars today accept the semantic criterion of tick offing phraseological units from uncaring word groups as the major one and base their explore formulate in the field of phraseology on the definition of a phraseological unit offered by Professor A. V. Koonin A phraseological unit is a stable word group characterized by a all or part transferred gist. The definition clearly suggests that the degree of semantic change in a phraseological unit may vary.In real fact the semantic change may affect either the whole word group or only one of its components. Thus, jibe to the semantic structure , verbal idioms are divided into two groups a) idioms with alone transferred heart, e. g 1) To skate on the ice Coll. To do something dangerous 2) To wear ones claper on ones sleeve Not fml. To allow other people to exist what one is feeling show ones emotions 3) To have ones heart in ones boots Coll. To feel dis braveryd or fearful 4) To have ones heart in ones babble out To feel terror-struck or anxious, e. . when waiting for something to happen 5) To make a mountain out of a molehill to worry about or become excited about matters that are not really important at all b) idioms with partially transferred meaning in which one of the components preserves its current meaning, the other is use in a transferred meaning, e. g 1) To break new ground to do something new, make a discovery 2) To change cavalrys in midstream Not fml. To change ones opinion in pump of something, esp. to decide to donjon the opposite or a different side 3) To hunch over ones onions Coll.To know mighty all the information, facts, etc. , concerned with ones work be go through 4) To save ones tegument Coll. To escape or help mortal to escape from a danger roughly of the verbal idioms are clearly hyperbolic, for grammatical case 1) Eat out of smbs hand Not fml. To have ( a person) in ones power so that he will do w dis uniformver one wishes, esp. because he admires one Then, having had the fans consume out of his hand he admitted I didnt enjoy it. I dont consider myself in show vexation after just one professional act. 2) Flog a dead clam Coll.To keep essay to get satisfaction from something that fecesnot or rear end no longer give it You are flogging a dead supply by a pareg him to lend you gold he hasnt even got decent for himself. The idiom refers to a person who beat generation a horse to make it go even though it is dead, thus to doing something that is all told useless. In many an(prenominal) verbal hyperbolic idioms, including borrowed ones , thither arent corresponding word combinations and they are based not on real, but imaginary situation. Etymological research provides an opportunity to throw some light on the rigin of some idioms, and then to establish its metaphorical character. So, an idiom give smb. the heatless lift to be inimical to someone, esp. by refusing to speak to or execute him, unremarkably because one is outraged , anger . inimical is not related to peoples shoulder. It nub to behave towards someone in a way that is not at all hospitable, sometimes for reasons that this person does not understand. Metaphorical character of verbal idioms has been formal by comparing the components of verbal i dioms with the same words away the idiom, e. 1) Hitch ones coaster wagon to a t wring from Lit. To have noble or virtuously improving aims or desires He was a boy from a poor family who had hitched his wagon to a star and was determined to get a good education for himself. 2) round round ones weensy finger Coll. To have the ability to bear ( a person) to do exactly as one wants Shell have no fuss getting permission to go on holiday with a friend because she can twist her father round her fine finger. Metonomical transformations go through much less in verbal idioms, than metaphorical ones, e. g 1) obtain ones hand in Not fml.To obtain or keep ones s veil in a particular activity by practicing it If you are reasonably clever it wont take you long to get your hand in at tease. 2) take aim a clean breast of smth. Not fml. To admit to something confess Mrs. Lyons, verbalise I you are taking a very long responsibility and putting yourself in a very false position by not devising an short clean breast of all that you know. ( Conan Doyle) . From the semantic point of view English verbal idioms may express 1) Success, happiness, constituent 2) Emotions and feelings 3) Relations amongst people 4) doings 5) Intellect ) Death 7) Features of different phenomena Success, happiness, deal It is known that human life is not cakes and ale as a person has to represent a plenteousness of hardships, which he has to cut through on his way to success. This idea is rendered by such verbal idioms as 1) To withdraw the day quite an rhet. To win in a competition, argument, etc. be successful in ones efforts 2) To be born with a silver spoon in ones mouth Not fml. To have wealthy parents be born into a full family 3) To bolt voltaic pile two birds with one stone to meet two purposes with one action 4) To exercise set the Thames on fire Not fml.To do something wonderful that causes much excitement and gains a wide reputation 5) To gain groun d to advance, make progress become more important or powerful Emotions, feelings 1) To jump out of ones skin Coll. To show or have feelings of vast shock, fear, or surprise , esp. by travel very emergently 2) To hang ones hand to feel hangdog about something feel or air guilty, sorry 3) To take it on the perplex up ?oll. To suffer ( a misfortune , disappointment) with fortitude 4) To break smbs heart to make or become very hapless 5) To have butterflies in ones stomach Coll. To feel nervous, anxious, etc. , esp. hen waiting for something Relations between people 1) To be on a friendly footing with somebody to behave towards or deal with each other in a friendly way 2) To make out somebody with open arms Not fml. To welcome somebody in a generous way 3) To give somebody the cold shoulder Coll. To be unfriendly to someone, esp. by refusing to speak to or meet him, usually because one is angry , offended . 4) To look trim ones pound at somebody Not fml. To regard somebody or someone with scorn or dis uniform 5) To rankle someones nose in it Not fml. To keep on reminding someone about something he has do wrong, esp. n an unkind mien Behaviour 1) To hold ones head high to act proudly or bravely, in motility of people, esp. when one has suffered misfortune 2) To put ones foot down Coll. To be devoted in ones purpose or desires , e. g. not to allow some other person to do something 3) To keep ones haircloth on Coll. To keep calm not become angry, excited, etc. 4) To keep ones chin up Coll. Not to show feelings of fear, distressfulness, etc. , when confront with disappointments, worries, or awkwardies 5) To behave like a bear with a sore head Coll. To behave impatiently, in a no-account inured way Intellect ) To have an old head on young shoulders preferably oldfash. To have the wisdom, judgment, etc. , that is usually found only in an ripened and more experienced person 2) To rack ones brains Not fml. To think hard about something, esp. to try and work out the answer to a tricky problem 3) To have a take head Not fml. To be calm, rational and able to judge well, esp. in difficult situations 4) To have ones head screwed on the right way Not fml. To be sensible not balmy Death 1) To give up the tactile sensation Coll. To break off to gag rule putting any effort into doing something 2) To be on ones give-up the ghost ramifications Coll.About to congest or to fall down from tiredness or distemper 3) To go the way of all flesh- Pomp. To die 4) To be called to ones eternal rest Euph. To die 5) To snog the disseminate Coll. To die or become ill, or to hinder making or organism useful 6) To turn up ones toes Coll, humor. To die 7) To pay the debt of nature Old-fash, rather rhet. To die chastening 1) To burn ones fingers Not fml. To suffer from something that one has done or been concerned with, esp. because one failed to consider the possible results 2) To come a cropper Coll. To fall poorly or heavily, e. . from a horse to suffer failure or sudden misfortune 3) To be on ones bones to be in a difficult situation 4) To get into hot water Coll. To fall in trouble 5) To get off on the wrong foot Not fml. To begin something badly Risk 1) To carry( or take) ones life in ones hands to risk ones life 2) To skate on thin ice to put oneself in a dangerous position to take risks 3) To send to his long account Euph, old-fash. To kill someone 4) To play with fire Not fml. To take risks, esp. when these are foolish and un necessity 5) To put all ones eggs in one wicket Not fml.To allow all ones hopes for the future to depend on one event or person to risk all ones funds, time, interest, etc. in one byplay or effort 6) To risk ones neck Not fml. To take a great risk in doing something Deception 1) To hand smb. a skunk to cheat, deceive somebody 2) To throw dust in someones eye Coll. To confuse someone or take his assist away from something that one does n ot wish him to see or know about 3) To play cat and pinch with Not fml. To confuse someone accidentally deceive someone, esp. by keeping him from realizing what is really happening to him 4) To send ones pin Coll.To make fun of a person in a friendly way, e. g. by trying to make him believe something that is not true 5) To make a fool of smb. Not fml. To cause oneself to appear stupid or foolish Euphemism plays an important role in the creation of idiomatical synonyms among verbal phraseological units. For instance synonyms of the verb to die are very numerous 1) To breathe ones last Rather rhet. To die 2) To give up the ghost Coll. To die 3) To join the great majority Old-fash, euph. To die 4) To pay the debt of nature Old-fash, rather rhet. To die 5) To turn up ones toes Coll, humor.To die Another mannequin is the synonyms of the verb to irritate, to cod 1) To get smbs goat Coll. To cause someone much beatance 2) To make smbs blood boil Not fml. To cause someon e to be angry 3) To rub the wrong way Coll. To annoy or cause offence to a person According to Professor A. V. Koonin verbal idioms are divided into non- proportional degree and proportional idioms. Noncomparative verbal idioms are phraseological units with subordinate or coordinative structure. The number of verbal idioms with coordinative structure is very few. Their characteristic feature is the two-term structure.In phraseology on that point are two types of coordinative connecters connective coordinative and partitive coordinative connection. Connective coordinative connection Verbal idioms of this type are usually pairs of alike idioms 1) Bill and coo Not fml. , rather old-fash. To show love in a playful way, esp. by kissing and whispering to each other He in additionk his girlfriend house after the companionship and they stayed in the car billing and cooing for a long time before she went into her house. 2) humming and haw Coll. To speak without saying exactl y what one means , e. g. hen one needs more time to consider a matter He forever and a day hums and haws before taking a firm decision. Separative coordinative connection There are very few verbal idioms of this type. They include such idioms as 1) backslide or swim Not fml. To be safe , succeed, etc. , or suffer issue failure or personnel casualty He has refused to give us any more help, and has leave us to pass and swim by our own efforts. 2) nominate or fall to be alone dependent on( a prescript, the result of enigmatical situation, etc. ) for ones act existence, good fortune, etc. We stand or fall by our belief in barren voice communication.Idioms with subordinate structure can have the target area or the objective adverbial functions. Verbal idioms, expressing objective relations, may have different structures. The simplest form is a combination of a verb with a noun. infra are given suits 1) Eat crow Coll. To be forced to change what one has said, admit t hat one was wrong , etc. , esp. in order to appear more humble I was cheered up when a letter arrived from Luria that the situation might be smoothed over if we appeared to eat crow. ( jam D. Watson) 2) Raise Cain Coll. To make a interference or trouble, esp. y complaining or arguing Somewhere to the left of me Sebastian and Mulcaster were pinnacle Cain. Sebastian . seemed in a frenzy and was malleus the door, and shouting( Evelyn Waugh) Nouns can be used both with definite and indefinite articles 1) post a cross Not fml. To support or tolerate a rotund weight of sorrow, inconvenience, suffering, etc. The poor charr has to bear a cross her husband is as well as ill to work. 2) Drop a brick Coll. To make a mistake, esp. to do or say something wrong or conflicting in a particular situation I was dismissed from my job because I had dropped a few bricks in front of some important customers.Many verbal idioms, consisting of a noun , which have the forms of singular and pl ural form come are denoted by their real phenomena. For example 1) Keep ones head supra water Not fml. To keep out of debt I need 50$ this month to keep my head above water. 2) Set ones cap at smb. Coll, rather old- fash. To try to make ( a man) notice her, esp. in order to make him marry her They had a drive who was about 18 or 19 and undoubtedly set her cap at him and he became her boyfriend. Plural number of nouns is often used in one of the components of phraseological units.So, the word spurs in an idiom win ones spurs to show ones true ability or courage for the eldest time gain fame can be used only in the plural form, because when a man was make a knight , the king would give him not one , but a pair of golden spurs. There are some(prenominal) examples of verbal idioms, in which noun is used only in plural form, because they stand for the action, carried out not by one person or entity deputised by them, e. g 1) Be on pins and needles Not fml. To be in a state of excitement and anxiety He was on pins and needles date he was answering my questions . 2) Burn ones fingers Not fml.To suffer from something that one has done or been concerned with, esp. because one failed to consider the possible results Anyone who wants to leave this elegant warm market , and go out into the blizzard , will get his fingers burnt. 3) course in ones horns Coll . To hold back or control ones actions, e. g. to spend less money And if we dont get some extra money from somewhere we shall have to draw our horns in pretty sharply. ( glad Murdoch) In some verbal idioms the plural number of a noun does not depend on the number of a person, carrying out the action, denoted by this idioms, it epends on the number of objects. sometimes in idioms, where the action is carried out by several people, the plural form is not definitively established, and the idiom also occurs in the singular. This phenomenon has been observed in such idiom, as 1) deoxidize off ones nose to spite ones face Coll. To do something because of anger, hurt pride, etc. , that harms oneself or ones own interests By refusing to work they are cutting off their noses to spite their faces because the company will pissed down.There are several examples of verbal idioms, in which the noun is ever used only in singular form, not depending on the number of persons, carrying out the action, indicated by the phraseological unit, e. g 1) hold in a stiff upper rim Not fml. Refusal to complain or show emotion or fear when faced with difficulty or danger stoicism The old general praised the boys for keeping a stiff upper lip in time of trouble. 2) Cook smbs cuckoo Coll. To ruin the chances of success of a person, organization, etc. My boyfriend has cooked his goose with me I dont want to see him again. ) Not to have a leg to stand on Not fml. To have no good defence for ones actions or opinions After the results of the test had shown that his plan would not work, he hadnt a leg to stand on. Several verbal idioms are used only in the minus forms 1) Not to see a forest for the trees not to have a clear and complete understanding of something because of the great number of small and unimportant detail that demand ones attention The main(prenominal) purpose of education is too often forgotten because of all the present arguments about different types of schools we are in danger of not seeing the wood for the trees. ) Not to know whether one is on ones head or ones heels Coll. To be in a very uncertain and muddled state not to know what to do next At the end of a Saturday morning when his shop was very engross the poor shopkeeper didnt know whether he was on his head or his heels. There are a lot of verbal idioms in English broadly speaking with prepositions expressing objective adverbial relations. E. g 1) control a millstone round ones neck to cause much and continuous trouble to someone You know how sel look for your brother is if he comes to spanking with us he ll be a millstone round our neck. ) Beat ( knock or run) ones head against a brick (or stone) groyne Coll. To try to do or obtain something difficult with very little hope of success It is like knocking your head against a brick wall to try to keep the house enlighten while the children are at home from school. Non prepositional idioms of this type are very few 1) Hold ones head high to act proudly or bravely, in front of people, esp. when one has suffered misfortune I have boasted in my youth and held my head high and at rest(p) on my way careless of consequences( Evelyn Waugh) 2) gift ones foot down Coll. . To be firm in ones purpose or desires, e. g. not to allow ( another person) to do something 2. To increase speed when driving a vehicle, esp. a car I dont like driving fast , so I get really afraid when he puts his foot down. Alternants are pronouns one, ones, oneself, somebody, smbs, something , which usually make up an idiom. Alternants can be replaced by other pronouns, nouns or word combinations in accordance with the requirements of the speech situation.The pronoun one is usually replaced by one of the personal pronouns in the objective case, the pronoun ones - by one of the possessive case case pronouns, the pronoun oneself by one of the reflexive pronouns, the pronoun somebody by one of the personal pronouns, a noun or a variable word combination, the pronoun smbs by one of the possessive pronouns, a noun in a genitive case , the pronoun something by a noun, a variable word combination, or by a sentence . Below are given several examples , which illustrate different uses of alternants ) Take ones time not to hurry be muffled and careful Dont shudder . Just take your time and tell me clearly what happened. 2) Take oneself in hand to take ( a person or thing ) under ones control, esp. to try to make improvements You ve been very badly behaved recently. I can see I shall have to take you in hand . 3) push back smb. s goat Coll. To cause someone much annoyance The way he refuses to admit his mistakes gets my goat. 4) Give smb. the cold shoulder Coll. To be unfriendly to someone, esp. by refusing to speak to or meet him, usually because one is angry , offendedIndefinite pronoun smth. is often replaced by a noun, a substantive word combination or less subordinate clauses 1) bop smth. from A to Z ( or like a palm of ones hand) Not fml. To know from the beginning to the end thoroughly and completely The teacher knew his subject from A to Z. Indefinite personal pronoun ones is used in the case , when the action is performed by a particular person , directed to him , for example 1) institutionalise ones tail between ones legs Not fml. To put someone in a sad and unhappy manner.Replacing the pronoun ones with a pronoun smbs in such idiom is impossible. The pronoun ones is also used in those verbal idioms, which represent the action of a particular person, directe d to something, for example 1) Play ones card right Coll. To act in a correct or clever way in order to gain an payoff in a particular situation If you play your cards right you may get an increase in pay . The pronoun ones can be used in idioms, denoting the state of a particular person or object, for example 1) Be on ones last legs Coll.To die or to fall down from tiredness or illness ( of an organization) close to ruin about to stop operating(a) Godspell was on its last legs until the inflow of tourists postponed its decease until October. The pronoun smbs is also used in such cases, when the act , done by one person, directed to another person, for example 1) Pull smbs leg Coll. To make fun of a person in a friendly way, e. g. by trying to make him believe something that is not true Many people have phoned in to report seeing the kangaroo We prospect people were pulling our legs when they first describe seeing him, a police spokesman said yesterday.Usefulness of such a distinction, especially from the lexicographic point of view , one can see from the following examples 1) Keep ones nose to the grindstone Coll. To keep working, esp. hard and without a rest Keep smbs nose to the grindstone Coll. To make somebody work without a rest 2) Stay ones hand Rather old- fash. To stop or delay from taking an action Stay smbs hand Rather old- fash. To stop or delay someone from taking an action. Predicative verbal idioms occur not only among substantives, but also among verbal idioms. They have both completely and partially transferred meaning.Below are given several examples of predicative verbal idioms 1) Bite off more than one can mastication Not fml. To try to do too much or something that is too difficult John bit off more than he could chew when he resolute to have a race with the scoop out runner in the school. There is a comparative subordinate clause . in the second part of phraseological unit. 2) Know how many beans make five, know what o clock it is, know what is what Not fml. To understand what the situation is or how a system flora He s a man who knows whats what in the world of business hes sure to get rich.Predicative verbal idioms are not only characterized by an antecedent, express in one word, know, see, strike, watch, but an antecedent expressed in a combination, routine off more, know or see (on) which side, see or watch how (or which way). Some of above mentioned idioms have one literal meaning , as their antecedent retains its literal meaning, for example watch how the cat jumps , but it can also be completely transferred , for example bite off more than one can chew, strike while the iron is hot.Thus, predicative verbal idioms are characterized by semantic complexness of two types first is a combination of non transferred antecedent with transferred congress clause, second is a combination of both transferred antecedent and transferred relative clause. Predicative verbal idioms have a characte ristic expressive evaluative function. Morphological features of non- comparative verbal idioms Words in phraseological units have different features compared with the same word outside a phraseological unit, e. g Pull smbs leg Coll. To make fun of a person in a friendly way, e. g. y trying to make him believe smth. that is not true Many people have phoned in to report seeing the kangaroo We thought people were pulling our legs when they first account seeing him , a police spokesman said yesterday. The verb of this idiom is used in the following forms Present Continuous, Present blameless Continuous, knightly Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect ( Passive Voice). Undoubtedly, the above mentioned forms are the commonest . Thus, the verb in this idiom is used predominantly in several forms, while as a separate word the verb pull can be used in all forms.The imperative mood is possible, but it occurs in negative forms Dont pull my leg. You went to the theatre (A. J. Cronin). In several verbal idioms verbs are used only in the passive voice 1) Be collect to ones fathers euph. To die 2) Be thrown on ones beam-end Coll. To be in a difficult situation, esp. one in which one has no money Many organizations are on their beam ends at the moment because of a lack of public support. But there are idioms which are never used in the passive voice 1) trifle bricks without straw Rather old fash.To elbow grease to do or make something without having the necessary materials 2) Steal a march on smb. to gain an advantage over someone by doing something earlier than expected The disposal had intended to limit the wage increases of all workers to a reasonable amount , but several trade unions stole a march on them by receiving very large increases before the new laws came into existence. beginning rhyme is astray used in verbal idioms. There can be repeat between two sounds and they are divided into ternary groups 1) In the first and the last lexe mes 1. Burn ones boats Coll.To go so far in a course of action that one cannot turn back I changed my mind about giving up my job, but regrettably I had burnt my boats by grave my boss that I was leaving. 2. Get smbs goat Coll. To cause someone much annoyance The way he refuses to admit his mistakes gets my goat. 2) In the last two lexemes 1. Be on ones last legs Coll. To die or to fall down from tiredness or illness ( of an organization) close to ruin about to stop operating Godspell was on its last legs until the influx of tourists postponed its demise until October. . Put ones outperform foot forward Coll. To be firm in ones purpose or desires, e. g. not to allow to do something When are they going to let dull put his foot down and bring the twins back where they snuff it ? 3) In the lexemes, which occupy other positions in an idiom 1. Keep ones cards close to ones government agency Coll. To be very secretive not make known ones advantages all at once He had to keep h is cards close to his chest in order to get the best possible contract. We come across repetition of three sounds very rarely, for example ) deal ones coat concord to ones cloth Coll. To stay put within the limits of what one has or what one can afford, esp. when spending money They have had another baby They will have very little money and will have to cut their coat according to their cloth. 2) Make a mountain out of a molehill to worry about or become excited about matters that are not really important at all Im sure hell give you the money back when he gets paid, so theres no need to start making mountains out of a molehills. relative verbal phraseological units The first components of comparative verbal idioms are used in their literal meaning, while other components are intensifiers and qualifiers, semantic differentiators of the first components. As comparative verbal idioms are not used in the passive voice, so they cant be transformed into sentences, they are eer ph rasemes. These verbal idioms always have a subordinate structure. Comparative verbal idioms are divided into three groups from the semantic point of view 1) Verbs of negative military rating hatred, lie, swear ) Verbs of positive evaluation fit, get on 3) Verbs of a neutral evaluation drink, eat, feel, follow, sleep, speak, spread, talk, treat, work and so on. tending should be paid to the predominance of verbs with a neutral evaluation. In verbal idioms with the verbs of positive and negative evaluation, the second component only empha size of its it 1) Hate smb. like poison to hate smb, very much The general was more interested in his personal exult than in the comfort of the ordinary soldiers, and he was hated like poison by all his men. 2) Swear like a trooper Coll, rather old-fash.To use bad language in an unrestrained manner He swore like a trooper when I complained about his work. 3) Fit smb. like a glove to fit ( a person) perfectly It was clever of you to guess my size correctly the new coat that you bought fits me like a glove. In comparative verbal idioms a second component is expressed by animal names, names of birds, fish and real or imaginative phenomena by which the basis of comparative idioms are expressed 1) Die like a dog Not fml. To die in conditions of great shame, pain, etc. They were in prison for weeks without nutrition and then died like dogs. ) Eat like a horse Coll. To eat a great deal I am underweight and worry about it and although I eat like a horse , it doesnt seem to help . 3) support like cat and dog Coll. To run-in or argue fiercely , esp. very often violent stream says We still love each other very much . But we fight like cat and dog. There are several comparative verbal idioms which refer to people 1) learn a head like a sieve Not fml. To be unable to remember things correctly or keep information in ones mind I was introduced to her twice, but I still cant remember her name Ive got a head like a sie ve.Several verbal idioms never refer to people, for example 1) Sell like hot cakes Coll. To be bought or interpreted quickly, e. g. because of being very universal or cheap Last class she contributed 40 pointings They sell like supreme hot cakes if you only ask 25$. 2) blossom out like wildfire to spread from one person to another very quickly The news show of his success spread like a wildfire among all his friends. Nature of meaning of idioms, including comparative verbal idioms, may vary depending on whether it applies to one object or more than one object. So, a verbal idiom hate smb. like poison to hate smb, very much. in the sentence She hates him like poison. It means that she mortally hates him, but he certainly didnt hate her. His spatial relation towards her is specified in the context. Plurality of objects means mutual hatred. In all the above mentioned comparative verbal idioms , except the idioms with the verbs feel and look , the second component is a l exeme. In several comparative verbal idioms , as a second component, appears not a lexeme, but a combination of lexemes, for example 1) Fight like cat and dog Coll. To quarrel or argue fiercely , esp. very often Flood says We still love each other very much .But we fight like cat and dog. 2) Drop smb. or smth. like a hot potato to get rid of something dangerous, unmanted as quickly as possible When he found out she had no money after all he dropped her like a hot potato. 3) Go ( go off or sell) like hot cakes Coll. To be bought or taken quickly, e. g. because of being very popular or cheap Last year she contributed 40 pointings They sell like absolute hot cakes if you only ask 25$. In some cases, the connection between the first component and combination of lexemes is non prompt , for example 1) Fight like Kilkenny cats Not fml.To fight fiercely Those two children will fight like Kilkenny cats if I leave them alone in the house. Referring to a tommyrot that some soldiers i n the Irish townsfolk of Kilkenny once tied two cats together by their tails and made them fight. The fight was so fierce that all that was left of the cats was their tails. The fight lasted until the end of 19 carbon and led to a mutual destruction. Legend, being the basis for this expression, has been forgotten for a long time, which has created non indigence of the whole phrase in Modern English, since the expression has no meaning in literal sense.Conclusion After analyzing semantics and structure of verbal phraseological units , we come to the following conclusions 1) Idioms, characterized by structural stability and completely or partially transferred meaning , are widely used in the language conducting expressiveness, colour to the thought expressed. The notion of idiomaticity represented by phraseology is of special significance for linguistic survey for it appears in many structural varieties and yields certain distinct patterns some perhaps universal, others characte ristic of one specific language only . ) There is a great difference between free word- groups and idioms. It is considered to be the to the highest degree controversial problem in the field of phraseology. In an idiom words are not independent. They form set-expressions, in which neither words nor the order of words can be changed. Free word-groups are formed in the process of speech according to the standards of the language, while phraseological units exist in the language side by side with separate words. In a free word-group each of its constituents preserves its denotational meaning.In the case of phraseological units provided the denotational meaning belongs to the word group as a single semantically innate unit. 3) The English language is extremely rich in verbal phraseological units. Verbal idioms belong to the class of nominative and nominative communicative phraseological units, due to the fact that some of them are word combinations, while others can be both word combinations and sentences. Verbal idioms can have completely or partially transferred meaning and they are divided into non comparative and comparative idioms. ) The structure of the English verbal phraseological units is variegated. Word groups and phraseological units possess not only the lexical meaning, but also the meaning conveyed generally by the pattern of arrangement of their constituents. Not only the order , but also the substitution of one of the elements may lead to semantic differences or to entirely different phraseological units. 5) Free word combinations can never be polysemantic, while there are polysemantic verbal phraseological units. 6) Among verbal phraseological units there are two top units ( ??????????) .The grammar centre of such units is the verb , the semantic centre in many cases is the nominal component. In some units the verb is both the grammar and the semantic centre. These verbal phraseological units can be perfectly idiomatic as well. Bibliog raphy 1. ???????? ?. ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?.?. ??????????????? , 1986. 2. ???????? ?. ??????????? ???????? ??????????????????. ????? , 1973 3. ????????? ?. ????????? ????????????? ??????????. ????? , 2009. 4. ??????? ?. ?. . ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????????, 1963 5. ????? ?. ?. ???????????? ??????????? ?????. ??????, 2008. . ??????? ?. ?. , ?????????? ??????????. ??????, 1980 7. ??????????? ?????. ?????????? ??????????. ??????, 1983 8. ???????????? ?. ?. ???????? ? ?????????? ???????????. ??????, 1971 9. ??????? ?. ?. , ???????? ?. ?. , ?????? ?. ?. ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????, 1974 10. ????? ?. ?. ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????. ??????, 1996 11. ??????? ?. ?.. ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????. ??????, 1987 12. ?????????? ?. ?. ???????????? ??????????? ?????. ?????? , 1998 13. ????? ?. ?.. ??? ????? ???????????? ??????, 1966 14. Antrushina G. B. , Afanasyeva , O. V. , Morozova, N.N. English Lexicology. Mosco w, 1985 15. Arnold I. V. The English word. Moscow, 1986 16. Ginzburg R. S. , Khidekel S. S. A course in Modern English Lexicology. Moscow, 1979 17. Koonin A . English Lexicology. Moscow, 1948 18. Makkai A. Idiom structure in English. The Hague , 1972 19. Minaeva L. English Lexicology and Lexicography. Moscow, 2007 20. Palmer . F. R. Semantics. A new outline , Moscow 1982 Dictionaries 21. ?????????? ?. , ???????? ?. ????? ????? ??????????????? ???????. ??? , 1975 22. ????? ?. ?. ????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????. ??????, 1967 23. Longman dictionary of English idioms.Printed by Butler and Tanner, LTD. London, 1984 24. Oxford dictionary. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007 CHAPTER bingle GENERAL OUTLINE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS ( PROBLEMS, CLASSIFICATIONS, DEFINITIONS ) Idioms have always attracted the attention of linguists, literary critics, sociologists and philosophers. Enriching the literary language, representing a bright example of purity, accuracy of core and sharpne ss of language, idioms are of great importance in the treasury of culture and have become of genuine interest for linguists and researchers of various spheres of communication.If synonyms can be figuratively referred to as the tints and colours of the phrase, then phraseology is a kind of picture gallery in which are collected vivid and ludicrous sketches of the nations customs, traditions and prejudices, recollections of its past history, and fairy-tales. macrocosm an inseparable part of the language, idioms have a special position within it. They represent what can probably be draw as the most picturesque, colourful and expressive part of the languages vocabulary ( ????????? ?. ?. , ?????????? ?. ?. , ???????? ?. ?. ???????????? ??????????? ?????, 2008 ).The stock of words of the language consists not only of separate words , but also of set expressions, which alongside with separate words serve as means of expressing concepts. There exist two toll which are to denote set exp ressions idioms and phraseological units. An idiom or idiomatic phrase, is often outlined as a phrase, developing a meaning which cannot be readily canvass into the several distinct ideas which would ordinarily be expressed by the words report the phrase. It transcends the ordinary syntactical constructions and must be studied as grammatical unit, or entity ,in itself.On the other hand, idiom is a very broad term and includes all the peculiarities and idiosyncrasies of the language its peculiar syntactical constructions, and other received practices of unusual character. The term idiom is widely used by western scholars, mainly English and American linguists. N. N. Amosov? defines phraseological units as units of fixed context, i. e. phrases with a specific sequence of certain lexical components and peculiar semantic relations between them. In these terms , phraseological units are classified into phrasemes and idioms.Phrasemes are binary phrases in which one of the components ha s a phraseologically bound meaning dependent on the other. Idioms as princely from phrasemes are characterized by integral meaning and idiomaticity of the whole word-group ( ????????? ?. ?. , ?????????? ?. ?. , ???????? ?. ?. , ???????????? ??????????? ?????, 2008 ). According to Rosemarie Glasers theory a phraseological unit is a lexicalized, coherent bilexemic or polylexemic word group in common use, which has relative syntactic and semantic stability, may be idiomatized, may carry connotations and may have an emphatic or intensifying function in a text (Glaser R. 998125). Glaser includes both word-like and sentence-like units in the phrasicon, terming word-like units nominations, which designate a phenomenon , an object, an action, a process or state, a property in the outside world, and sentence-like ones propositions, which designate a whole state of affairs in the outside world. She further subdivides nominations into idioms and non-idioms having transparent meanings, and in cluding technical terms, cliches, etc. ( ????????? ?. , ????????? ????????????? ?????????? , 2009 ).Attempts have been made to approach phraseology in different ways. There is a inequality of opinions as to the nature and essential features of phraseological units, how to distinguish them from free word groups, how to define and how to classify them. This is probably the most discussed and one of the most important problems in the field of phraseology. The complexity of the problem may be largely accounted for by the fact that the borderline between free word-groups and phraseological units is not clearly defined.The so called free word-groups are but relatively free as collocability of member-words is fundamentally define by their lexical and grammatical valency which makes at least some of them very close to set-phrases. Phraseological units are but relatively stable and semantically inseparable. Between the extremes of complete motivating and variability of member-words an d lack of motivation combined with complete stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure there are innumerable borderline cases. However, the existing terms, e. g. et-phrases, idioms, word-equivalents, reflect to a certain extent the main debatable issues of phraseology which centre in the divergent views concerning the nature and essential features of phraseological units as distinguished from the so-called free word-groups. The term set-phrase implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups. The term idiom generally implies that the essential feature of linguistic units under term is idiomaticity or lack of motivation.This term habitually used by English and American linguists is very often treated as synonymous with the term phraseological unit. The term word-equivalent stresses not only semantic but also functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in speech as single words. The criterion of stability of lexical components and idiomaticity of word-groups are viewed as not necessarily coexistent in phraseological units. It is argued that stability of lexical components does not presuppose lack of motivation.It follows that stability and idiomaticity are regarded as two different aspects of word-groups. perceptual constancy is an essential feature of set-phrases both incite and non- prompt. Idiomaticity is a distinguishing feature of phraseological units or idioms which bear both stable set-phrases and variable word-groups. The two features are not mutually exclusive and may be overlapping, but are not interdependent. Word-groups are structurally complex units consisting of formally separable elements, which are functionally equivalent to separate words.So they are independent parts of the sentence. Whereas in an idiom words are not independent. They form set-expressions, in which neither words nor the order of words can be changed. Free word-groups are formed in the process of speech according to the standards of the language, while phraseological units exist in the language side by side with separate words. In a free word-group each of its constituents preserves its denotational meaning. In the case of phraseological units however the denotational meaning belongs to the word group as a single semantically inseparable unit.Its worth mentioning that idiom is a complex phenomenon with a number of features, which can therefore be approached from different points of view. Hence, there exist a extensive number of different classification systems devised by different scholars and based upon different principles. The oldest principle for classifying idioms is based on their original depicted object and is known as thematic (this term however is not universally accepted). On this principle, idioms are classified according to their sources of origin. The word source refers to the particular sphere of human activity, of life, of nature.The thematic principle of classifying idioms has a real merit, but it does not take into consideration the linguistic features of the idioms. The first classification system, which was based on semantic principle, was suggested by acad. V. V. Vinogradov, who demonstrable some points first advanced by the Swiss scientist Charles Bally. Acad. V. V. Vinogradov spoke of the semantic change in idioms as a meaning resulting from a peculiar chemical combination of words. He described idioms as lexical complexes which cannot be freely made up in speech, but are reproduced as ready-made units.The meaning of such expressions as distinguished from the meaning of free combinations is idiomatic. The classification is based on the motivation of the unit. According to the degree of idiomatic meaning of various groups of idioms ,V. V. Vinogradov classified them as follows ( Arnold V. , The English Word, 1986 ) Phraseological fusions units whose meaning cannot be dedu ced from the meanings of their component parts, the meaning of phraseological fusions is unmotivated at the present stage of language development. The meaning of the components is completely enwrapped by the meaning of the whole.The metaphor, on which the time out of meaning is based , has lost its lucidness and is obscure. Phraseological unities units with a completely changed meaning. They are motivated units or, putting it another way , the meaning of the whole unit can be deduced from the meanings of constituent parts. The metaphor, on which the shift of meaning is based, is clear and transparent. Phraseological combinations traditional units which are not only motivated, but contain one component used in its direct meaning, while the other is used figuratively. Prof.Smirnitsky considers a phraseological unit to be similar to the word because of the idiomatic relationships between its parts resulting in semantic unity and permitting its introduction into speech as something complete. He differentiated three classes of stereotyped phrases (????? ?. ?. , ???????????? ??????????? ?????, 2008 ) 1) Traditional phrases 2) Phraseological combinations 3) Idioms Traditional phrases, which are characterized by reproducibility, are not regarded as word-equivalents. They are usual collocations whose inner form is transparent. They are distinguished as follows 1)Verbal ) strong 3) Adjectival 4) Adverbial 5) Interjectional Smirnitskys notion of word-equivalence actually allows another perspective on phraseological units too. Namely, proceeding from the classification of words into derivatives and compounds, the linguist seeks to find similar structural and semantic features in phraseological units as well, correspondingly singling out units with one semantic centre(one summit units) on the one hand, which he compared with derived words, and with two or more semantic centres (two summit and multi-summit units), on the other, which he compared with compound words.E ach of the two groups of this structural semantic classification is further subdivided according to the part of speech to which t