Christianity in a Postmodern World :: essays research papers

Christian Belief in a Postmodern World The Full Wealth of ConvictionOthers have well-tried to do what Diogenes Allen, Professor of Philosophy at Princeton Theological Seminary, does in his book but none with his breadth or effectiveness. That is, others have attempted to exploit for theisms acquire the hard times now befalling the modern worlds emphasis on scientific reasoning and pure rationality, which for quite a while had placed Christianity (and religious tenet in general) on the intellectual and cultural defensive. Many of these earlier attempts made use of the Wittgensteinian concepts of "form of life" or "language game" to verbalise that both science and religion depended on unproven assumptions and therefore rested equally on grounds without firm foundations. These kinds of attempts, however, could most always aim no higher than to make the world safe for fideism. And fideism is not to defend the confidence. What makes Allens contribution special and im portant is his effort to examine in a philosophically stringent way what we mean when we say Christianity is true. He quotes Colossians 22 at the start of his book, but I Peter 315 is just as appropriate for what follows "Always be prepared to make a defense to any one who calls you to account for the hope that is in you, yet do it with sissiness and reverence."Allen is very clear whom he is writing for and what his intentions are "to give those who have no faith compelling rational grounds to become seekers and to those who have faith a greater degree of assurance and understanding than they can attain while constrained by the modern mentality." He divides his book into three parts. The world-class part begins with a mapping of our current intellectual terrain. In many ways, modernism committed the docetist heresy to human thought. It failed to see human thought as truly embodied and enculturated. Rather, human intellection consisted in pristine, pure rationality undisturbed by culture, bias, or the vagaries of historical situation. Modernism valued evidence and trial-and-error confirmation and therefore strived to remain valueneutral to mirror a phenomenal world that was itself held value-neutral. The author challenges this way of human knowing and finds it insufficient and incapable of meeting the deepest needs of being human. In so doing, he sheds light on the relation between science and religion. Much of this material is rather provocative intellectual history, including a particularly interesting analysis of the Galileo affair and how it was used for polemical purposes by those hostile to theism.

Divorce Law :: essays research papers

Divorce is a growing epidemic in Canada and the United States. It refers both parties involved, being the spouses, and also has a profound affect on children of the marriage. Recently our government has been revising the old disassociate act. It was apparent that it was time to revise the act because it did not properly protect the children from being caught in the middle of things.Divorce is defined as follows to dissolve legally a marriage between separate (one of a married couple) from the other by divorce . The Canadian constitution allows only the federal government to set divorce law. The government of Canada has a divorce act, and because it is a federal law, it applies fully and equally in all parts of Canada and to all Canadian citizens.Divorces begin with an application to the court asking it to declare that there has been a breakdown of the marriage. This application must involve paragraphs which refer to where and when the marriage took place, who the children were, w ho should have custody and why, if there is to be support for one of the spouses paid for by the other, and what is to become of the family dimension. Certified copies of the marriage certificate and each birth certificates are attached. The claim for support is known as "Corollary comforter" and may be for the spouses and/or the children (claims for custody also fall under corollary relief claims). When corollary relief is requested, a financial statement which sets out your families monthly expenses in detail is required.The divorce act requires the court to verify weather there seems to be any chance of reconciliation between the parties. The court may even ask for a marriage councilor to attempt a reconciliation.      The divorce act demands the restore grounds for divorce as breakdown of marriage, and provides for three basic ways of proving it&61623 You and your spouse have been separated for one form.&61623 Your spouse has pull adultery .&61623 Your spouse has treated you with intolerable mental or physical cruelty.The most common grounds for divorce is certainly a one year separation for it is the easiest to prove. There is no such thing as a "legal separation" however while living apart you should be protect by a separation agreement. A separation agreement is a domestic agreement between a separated couple outlining the distribution of the property and other obligations to each other .

KING TUT :: essays research papers

TOMB OF TUTANKHAMUNThe around famous Egyptian pharaoh today is, exponent NebkheperuruTutankhamun. Tutankhamun is also known as King Tut. The nameTutankhamun is derived from hieroglyphics which means Living interpret ofAmun. He was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, he also was the son in lawof Akhenaton. Tutankhamun was not a important King, he is well known because ofhis tomb, containing well-favoured treasures. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamuns tombwas discovered by an British archaeologists Howard Carter and maestro Carnarvon in1922. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun lived over 3,300 years ago. The period helived in was called the refreshed Kingdom. During this period the Egyptians wereworshipping multiple gods. Amenhotep had abolished this belief and hadestablished a new order to worship the sun god Aten, which then he changed hisname to Akhenaten, meaning handmaiden of the Aten. A new religion and capitalwas established in Thebes. His new city was called Akhetaten, meanin g Horizon ofthe Aten. Akhenaten and his wife, Nefertiti had six daughters, and no one to bethe contiguous pharaoh. Ankhesenpaaten was one of the daughters of Akhenaten andNefertiti. Ankhesenpaaten married Tutankhamun. After the death of Akhenaten,Tutankhamun became the next pharaoh at age 9. Since he became a pharaoh atsuch a young age, he was not able to make decisions. Ay who was the father ofNefertiti and Horemheb who was the commander in chief of the army was in charge. Tutankhamun was taught many skills when he was young. He spent most of hisyears in the palaces of Akhenaten, he was tutored in reading and writing. KingNebkheperuru Tutankhamun unfortunately died at the age of 18. There is partialevidence that King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun might have died of an accident travel off his horse or perhaps he was murdered. King NebkheperuruTutankhamun burial arrangements lasted 70 days. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun Tomb was located in the Valley of theKings in Luxar Egypt. Howard Ca rter and Lord Carnarvon discovered KingNebkheperuru Tutankhamuns Tomb, his tomb contained the most beautifultreasures. It is said that it was a magnificent collection of Egyptian art. KingNebkheperuru Tutankhamun treasures are displayed in the Egyptian Museum inCairo. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun Tomb contained more than 5000 items. Although it was robbed at least twice right after King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun was buried, but most of the kings treasure was still there. The most beautiful piece found in King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamuns Tomb is his coffin made of solid gold. It is 74 long, 20wide and 20 high. KingNebkheperuru Tutankhamun was shown as Osiris holding the crook and flail.

Love Poems Essay -- Poems Poetry Love Emotions Essays

recognise PoemsHave the love verse forms, you have read given you a better sagacity into theemotion of love?The overthrow of Love Poetry has given rise to some of the mostbeautiful and fascinating poetry. The poets illustrate their feelings,or the feelings of the people concerned with them through the use of metaphorical language. A love poem is non necessarily a poem aboutromantic love, about romance, marriage and commitment it could besomething else entirely. It seems to be Universal. Timeless. Yet, its as well as very individual, filtered by our own lives and expectations. Love rear end be a different thing for each one of us. Not all love poems acceptwith happy positive sides of love but there is also the negative sidessuch as pain, sadness and loss. Through these poems When We TwoParted, Remember, first of all Love, How Do I Love Thee?, A Woman ToHer Lover, and La Belle Dame Sans Merci we become familiar with thedifferent emotions associated with love.Christina Rossettis Remember is a poignant poem written in the 19thcentury about loss of love. Rossetti lived in the 19th century wherepeople were often preoccupied with the nous of death and perhaps thisis what influenced Rossetti. Rossetti shows the cruel hand of fate caninterweave in love. Remember, the title doesnt reveal much aboutthe poem but as we read the first line Remember me, we know that thepoem is written in first person and when she says I am bygone awayinto the silent land, we come to know that she is going to die. Thisarouses our sympathy for her. Love has been disrupted by death.of our future that you planned this relation is strong and isexperienced. She wants her economize to remember her even when she isnot ar... ...s and what they want from women and withthis we get a pretty clear idea of the Duke.In conclusion I would say that love can be of many types and it canlead to so many positive sides and negative sides. Love can also beinterrupted by death, jealousy. From Christina Wa lshs poem A WomanTo Her Lover, I have learnt that love should not only be service,worship, physical desires, but there is more to it. Love should befrom the heart and not from the mind unlike John Clare First Love. Ihave also noticed that love has a apparitional and physical meaning. Itis also divine as to Christina Walsh and Elizabeth Browning. ThroughFirst Love I would be aware of the beauty of women around the worldbut not let loose of my self and if failed not to give up all hopeslike John Clare. The emotions love in these poems has given me adifferent insight on love.

Comparison of In Mrs. Tilschers Class and Originally Essay examples --

Comparison of In Mrs. Tilschers Class and OriginallyIn Mrs Tilschers segmentation and Originally are meters about thejourney of life and the change from childhood into adulthood. AlthoughOriginally is more traumatic there are many similarities between thedeuce poems. They are both about moving on both spiritually andmentally, and explore ideas about identity and emigration.In Mrs Tilschers Class is a poem about the metaphorical journeythroughout a young childs school year. The first verse of the poemhas a joyful filiationament the narrator of the poem seems happy and full ofdelight. It is written from a young girls perspective on the thingsthat take place in the caterpillar tread of the school year. The young girl whois narrating the poem explains to the reader both the things that sheliked and disliked.The poem is written in chronological order and the different verses ofthe poem playact different periods throughout the school year. The first verse of the poem starts withYou c ould travel up the Blue Nile with your finger, tracing the routewhile Mrs Tilscher chanted the scenery.This creates a vivid picture of the children tracing the route of theNile on a map while Mrs Tilscher described the scenery and environs to the children. After learning about the Nile and itssurroundings for an hour the children paused for a break to drink askittle of milk. A skittle of milk was a small glass bottlecontaining 1/3 pint of milk. Children used to refer to it as askittle because that is what it looked like. This shows thechildrens innocence and immaturity.Verse two describes how much the narrator loved being in MrsTilschers class. It is described as being better than home. The... ...used is very clear as it explains how the parents are feeling.I want my have got country, I saidThis line sums up just how young and immature the narrator is. It iswritten in italics to give effect, to make it stand out because thisline has great meaning to it.The third verse describes t he girl reminiscing on how she feltadapting to the changes.You forget, or dont recall, or change, and seeing your brotherswallow a slug, feel only a skelf of shame.She is now starting to fit in but still feels a sense of loss. Iremember my tongue take away its skin like a snake. This simile isvery descriptive and you can vividly picture a snake shedding itsskin. This corresponds to the changes the narrator is red ink through. Ithink she now feels embarrassed about the way she used to speak. Shehesitates when asked where she originally came from.

file vaults :: essays research papers

buck bank pretermit HelpThis software is rid to use.In a recent article in Defense News (Vol 12 No 31) Aug 4-10, 1997William Crowell, National Security Agency deputy director said "Ifa product of 64-bit strength were used by a military org... itwould need 6,000 to 7,000 years to recover sightly one message."1. File hurdle - 64-bit (8 bytes) block encryption algorithmvariable length key up to 448 bitsFile Vault - Places a number of user selected files in a singleself extracting / self decrypting executable file called a FileVault. A File Vault can be sent easily to allone over theinternet and only accessed with your password. The recipient of aFile Vault does not have to have any special software installed todecrypt or access a file vault. Each File Vault is totally selfcontained. This makes for easy attaching, receiving and generaluse.File Vault allows you to open the vault, access the files, thenclose the vault which performs a secure wipe of the files from thedisk s urface. In an encrypted file vault, filename information isencrypted too, so if someone examines the vault with a diskeditor, no information on contents is gettable other than theoptional description line entered during creation. Great for "Your eyeball Only" files...The encryption algorithm is the highly regarded BLOWFISH by BruceSchneier, world renowned Cryptographer. See VGP information belowfor more detail.File Vault is available at... www.alcuf.ca/fv- - - -A word on compression When you use Winzip or other compressionutilities from Windows, they often will create temporary filesthat can reside on the users system which are complete duplicatefiles, or parts of files that you would rather be fully secured.Therefore, rather than zipping files and containing them in avault, build a vault first which securly containes your files, andthen create the zip (or other archive) file. That way anytemporary stuff created by the archiver will be encrypted andremain secure.- - - -2. O ther free utilities included with File Vault---------------------------------------------The following utilities are stand alone utilities that resideon your File Vault directory. These can be moved or deleted asyou wish.DISKWIPE.EXE (and diskinfo.dll) - this utility is used tosecurly remove deleted information from a hard drive to preventundeleting. Lets say you have a bunch of stuff you justdeleted, and need to make sure nothing that was on the systemcan be undeleted and accessed again. This utility creates afile the size of the free remaining infinite on your drive andfills it with space, then deletes it.

file vaults :: essays research papers

level omit HelpThis software is throw in to use.In a recent article in Defense News (Vol 12 No 31) Aug 4-10, 1997William Crowell, National Security Agency deputy director said "Ifa product of 64-bit strength were used by a military org... itwould fill 6,000 to 7,000 years to recover clean one message."1. File hurdle - 64-bit (8 bytes) block encryption algorithmvariable length key up to 448 bitsFile Vault - Places a number of user selected files in a singleself extracting / self decrypting executable file called a FileVault. A File Vault can be sent easily to anyone over theinternet and only accessed with your password. The recipient of aFile Vault does not have to have any special software installed todecrypt or access a file vault. Each File Vault is totally selfcontained. This makes for easy attaching, receiving and generaluse.File Vault allows you to open the vault, access the files, thenclose the vault which performs a secure wipe of the files from thedisk surface . In an encrypted file vault, filename information isencrypted too, so if someone examines the vault with a diskeditor, no information on contents is in stock(predicate) other than theoptional description line entered during creation. Great for "Youreye Only" files...The encryption algorithm is the highly regarded BLOWFISH by BruceSchneier, world renowned Cryptographer. See VGP information belowfor more detail.File Vault is available at... www.alcuf.ca/fv- - - -A word on compression When you use Winzip or other compressionutilities from Windows, they often will create temporary filesthat can reside on the users system which are complete duplicatefiles, or parts of files that you would rather be fully secured.Therefore, rather than zipping files and containing them in avault, build a vault first which securly containes your files, andthen create the zip (or other archive) file. That way anytemporary stuff created by the archiver will be encrypted andremain secure.- - - -2. O ther free utilities included with File Vault---------------------------------------------The following utilities are stand alone utilities that resideon your File Vault directory. These can be moved or deleted asyou wish.DISKWIPE.EXE (and diskinfo.dll) - this utility is used tosecurly remove deleted information from a hard drive to preventundeleting. Lets say you have a bunch of stuff you justdeleted, and need to make sure nothing that was on the systemcan be undeleted and accessed again. This utility creates afile the size of the free remaining aloofness on your drive andfills it with space, then deletes it.

Mobile Banking

Introduction Many intrusts have established presence on the net income and many opposites argon in the serve healthful of doing so. Using telecommunication systems and networks, a argot give the gate reach out to customers and provide them with not and usual information about its serve entirely besides the opportunity of turning interactive coin banking transactions. In electronic banking, bank customers potful involve information and defy out around banking assists (e. g. balance reporting, inter- written report transfers, and bill fee) via a telecommunication network without the adopt to go at the banks branch offices.Electronic banking comprises tout ensemble electronic channels customers persona to access their looks, including the profits and recently wandering retrieves (WAP- Wire slight Application protocol, SMS- Short Message Service, SIM Toolkit, PDAs-Personal Digital Assistants). The cell ph iodin handset can be usanced as a terminal in much th e same way as an ATM (Automatic Teller Machine). Currently, almost allone in the unquestionable countries carries a expeditious phone.So, customers can access their bank accounts by dint of the banks website using not only a computer but withal wide awake devices. M-banking is not only another channel for banking services, but there is the possibility for becoming the primary channel. What is energetic banking companying? sprightly banking is a banking companying process without bank branch, which provides financial services to unbanked communities efficiently and at affordable represent. To provide banking and financial services by quick technology device by spry phone is called Mobile banking.Mobile banking ( in handle manner known as M- entrusting, mbanking, SMS puting) is a term used for performing balance checks, account transactions, compensations, credit applications and other banking transactions through a wandering device such as a wandering(a) phone or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). The earliest meandering(a) banking services were asseverateed over SMS. With the introduction of the first primitive smart phones with WAP support enabling the use of the vigorous web in 1999, the first European banks started to tender runny banking on this programme to their customers. A runny banking excogitationual model Mobile beveling refers to provision and availment of banking- and financial services with the help of nomadic telecommunication devices. The scope of offered services whitethorn include facilities to conduct bank and stock market transactions, to administer accounts and to access customized information. According to this model Mobile Banking can be tell to lie of three inter-related concepts * Mobile Accounting * Mobile Brokerage * Mobile Financial Information Services Most services in the categories designated Accounting and Brokerage argon transaction- ground.The non-transaction- ground services of an informational nature are however essential for conducting transactions for instance, balance inquiries might be needed before committing a money remittance. The accounting and brokerage house services are therefore offered invariably in combination with information services. Information services, on the other hand, may be offered as an independent module. Trends in peregrine banking The coming of the Internet has enabled bracing ways to conduct banking contrast, resulting in the creation of new institutions, such as online banks, online brokers and wealth managers.Such institutions still account for a tiny percentage of the industry. Over the last few years, the rambling and wireless market has been one of the fastest development markets in the world and it is still growing at a rapid pace. According to the GSM Association and Ovum, the list of lively subscribers exceeded 2 billion in September 2005, and now (2009) exceeds 2. 5 billion (of which to a greater extent than 2 billion are GSM). According to a study by financial consultancy Celent, 35% of online banking households leave be using meandering(a) banking by 2010, up from less than 1% today.Upwards of 70% of bank center call volume is projected to come from nomadic phones. Mobile banking give eventually al diminished users to work up payments at the physical point of sale. Mobile contactless payments depart flip up 10% of the contactless market by 2010. Another study from 2010 by Berg appreciation forecasts that the number of planetary banking users in the US willing grow from 12 million in 2009 to 86 million in 2015. The same study also predicts that the European market will grow from 7 million mobile banking users in 2009 to 115 million users in 2015.Many believe that mobile users have clean started to fully utilize the entropy capabilities in their mobile phones. In Asian countries like India, China, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Philippines, where mobile alkali is comparatively better than the fixed-line infrastructure, and in European countries, where mobile phone penetration is very high (at least 80% of consumers use a mobile phone), mobile banking is likely to woo even much. Mobile banking lineage models A wide spectrum of Mobile/branchless banking models is evolving.However, no matter what disdain model, if mobile banking is being used to attract low-income populations in often rural locations, the business model will depend on banking agents, retail or postal outlets that process financial transactions on behalf telcos or banks. The banking agent is an important agency of the mobile banking business model since customer care, service quality, and bills management will depend on them. Many telcos will work through their local anesthetic air m resellers. However, banks in Colombia, Brazil, Peru, and other markets use pharmacies, bakeries, etc.These models differ primarily on the question that who will establish the relationship (account opening, lodge winnin g, lending etc. ) to the end customer, the Bank or the Non-Bank/Telecommunication Company (Telco). Another difference lies in the nature of agency agreement between bank and the Non-Bank. Models of branchless banking can be sort out into three broad categories Bank Focused, Bank-Led and Nonbank-Led. Bank-focused model The bank-focused model emerges when a conventional bank uses non-traditional low-cost delivery channels to provide banking services to its existing customers.Examples govern from use of Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) to internet banking or mobile phone banking to provide certain limited banking services to banks customers. This model is additive in nature and may be seen as a modest extension of conventional branch-based banking. Bank-led model The bank-led model offers a distinct alternative to conventional branch-based banking in that customer conducts financial transactions at a whole range of retail agents (or through mobile phone) instead of at bank branches or through bank employees.This model promises the potential to substantially increase the financial services outreach by using a antithetic delivery channel (retailers/ mobile phones), a different trade partner (telco/chain store) having experience and target market distinct from traditional banks, and may be significantly cheaper than the bank-based alternatives. The bank-led model may be employ by either using correspondent arrangements or by creating a JV between Bank and Telco/non-bank Non-bank-led model The non-bank-led model is where a bank has a limited role in the day-to-day account management.Typically its role in this model is limited to safe-keeping of bullion. Account management functions are conducted by a non-bank (e. g. Telco) who has direct contact with individual customers. Mobile banking services Mobile banking can offer services such as the following Account information * Mini- educational activitys and checking of account history * Alerts on account activity or passing of set thresholds * Monitoring of term deposits * Access to loan statements * Access to card statements * Mutual funds / equity statements * Insurance policy management Pension plan management * Status on sound out, stop payment on cheque * Ordering cheque books * Balance checking in the account * Recent transactions * Due date of payment (functionality for stop, change and deleting of payments) * PIN provision, Change of PIN and reminder over the Internet * Blocking of (lost, stolen) cards Payments, deposits, withdrawals, and transfers * Domestic and international fund transfers * Micro-payment handling * Mobile recharging * Commercial payment processing * throwaway payment processing * helpmate to Peer payments Withdrawal at banking agent * Deposit at banking agent A specific sequence of SMS messages will enable the system to verify if the client has enough funds in his or her wallet and authorize a deposit or withdrawal transaction at the agent. When depositing mon ey, the merchant receives cash and the system assign the clients bank account or mobile wallet. In the same way the client can also withdraw money at the merchant through exchanging SMS to provide authorization, the merchant hands the client cash and debits the merchants account.Kenyas M-PESA mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator Safaricom to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. bullion may be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the clownish, and may be transferred electronically from person to person as well as used to pay bills to companies. One of the most innovative applications of mobile banking technology is Zidisha, a US-based nonprofit microlending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from web users worldwide.Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to the borrowers in rural Africa using nothing but the internet and mobile phones. Investments * Portfolio management services * Real-time stock quotes * Personalized alerts and notifications on security prices Support * Status of requests for credit, including mortgage approval, and insurance coverage * Check (cheque) book and card requests * Exchange of data messages and email, including complaint submission and tracking * ATM location.Content services * General information such as weather updates, news * Loyalty-related offers * Location-based services Based on a survey conducted by Forrester, mobile banking will be attractive mainly to the younger, more tech-savvy customer segment. A third of mobile phone users say that they may consider performing some kind of financial transaction through their mobile phone. But most of the users are interested in performing canonical transactions such as querying for account balance and making bill payment. Benefits of Mobile Banking * Real time online banking Available anytime, anywhere throughout the country * It is convenient, affordable and posit * It is much more effective in developing savings habits * It will make access to banking and advanced payment transactions at affordable cost * It is much safer, specify and safeguard once morest deceitful transactions. Process of Mobile Banking The concept is different from SMS Banking which was discussed previously. The computer architecture is based on the specific sine qua non that the speediness is provided through GRPS, GSM, CDMA, EDGE, 3G and CSD enabled mobile phones.With Mobile banking, the following services can be availed of, but is not restricted to, * Viewing A/C statement * Viewing Cheque Status * Stopping Cheque Payment * Cheque Book Request * Fixed Deposit Enquiry * Bill Payment * obtain/ Purchasing items The services can be provided to customers directly by the bank or through a third party vender and explanations for twain are followed. Architecture 1 When the bank provides the service directly to the customer The setup will have a web legion, application server and the database at the anks premises. We shall call this the mobile banking server for ease of chthonianstanding. The application will ensure what services are to be provided to the customer. Based on the banking services provided to the customer, the security of the infrastructure has to be built in. The database can be the same as the Core banking database, having another table for mobile banking users. The customer uses his/her mobile phones to transact through the mobile network.The Mobile banking server in turn dialog to the Core banking systems of the bank for user authentication, processing transactions, authorization, etc. Architecture 2 When banks outsource this facility to 3rd party vendors This is the more popular architecture as Banks can quickly roll out their mobile banking solutions by connecting to a 3rd party. This is als o the architecture with more security issues as interconnection with a 3rd party is involved. In this architecture, the mobile banking servers are located at the 3rd party vendors data centre.These servers will talk to the Core Banking servers of the bank through a secured channel (dedicated or shared link) for authentication, authorization and transaction processing. Pre requisites to using this facility The customer has to first register with the Bank for using Mobile banking facility by linking the users mobile number with the account number. Application functionality The mobile banking facility can be provided to mobile phone users through a client or a web based access. Using the client or web browser, the obligatory security features are to be built.Customer performs banking transactions based the services like check account balance, fund transfer, bill payment, shopping, etc provided by the bank. substance abuser requesting a transaction * The user selects the service he mo tives to perform like check account balance, bill payment, etc. * The mobile banking server asks for re-authentication for critical transactions. a) Re-authentication with the mobile banking sever ensures that critical transactions are verified and mapped to the user. b) The re-authentication can be estricted with the vendor only the user need not authenticate with the bank every time a transaction is performed. A have this depends on the role played by the vendor. * User re-enters the credentials. * Server authenticates the mobile user and forwards the data to the bank on how to process the mobile users service request. For e. g. , checking the account balance service, the mobile banking server will contact the banks server on how to process the request. Bank processing the transaction * The bank server will ask for details required to service the user request. Taking the high up example, the bank will ask for cheque number and this is forwarded by the mobile banking server to th e end user. * The end user enters the details and sends it to the mobile banking server. * The server again asks for authentication. Once authenticated, the mobile banking server will forward the cheque number to the banks server. * This can be an optional check based on the criticality of the service requested. For e. g. , if the bank provides fund transfer service, then it may be a advantageously idea to again check for the users credentials.Again this is purely based on the criticality of the service provided * The banks server will check the status of the cheque and provide the details to the mobile user via the mobile banking server. Finally, this is just an example to show how the application should process requests from the mobile user. Based on the services provided by the bank, the security of the application can be built-in. For e. g. , if the application allows fund transfer or bill payment, then the required security threats should be identified and mitigated.Future fun ctionalities in mobile banking Based on the International Review of Business Research Papers from World business Institute, Australia, following are the key functional trends possible in world of Mobile Banking. With the advent of technology and increasing use of smartphone and tablet based devices, the use of Mobile Banking functionality would enable customer connect across entire customer life unit of ammunition much comprehensively than before. With this scenario, incumbent mobile banking objectives of say building relationships, reducing cost, chieving new revenue stream will transform to enable new objectives targeting higher level goals such as building brand of the banking organization. Emerging technology and functionalities would enable to create new ways of lead generation, prospecting as well as developing deep customer relationship and mobile banking world would achieve superior customer experience with bi-directional communications. Illustration of objective based fun ctionality enrichment In Mobile Banking * Communication enrichment Video Interaction with agents, advisors. Pervasive movements capabilities Comprehensive Mobile wallet * Customer Education Test drive for demos of banking services * Connect with new customer segment Connect with Gen Y Gen Z using games and social network ambushed to surrogate banks offerings * Content monetization Micro level revenue themes such as music, e-book download * Vertical positioning Positioning offerings over mobile banking specific industries * Horizontal positioning Positioning offerings over mobile banking across all the industries * Personalization of corporate banking services Personalization experience for multiple roles and hierarchies in corporate banking as against the vanilla based segment based enhancements in the current context. * Build Brand Built the banks brand while enhancing the Mobile real estate. Challenges for a mobile banking solution Key challenges in developing a sophist icated mobile banking application are Handset operability There are a large-mouthed number of different mobile phone devices and it is a big challenge for banks to offer mobile banking solution on any type of device. Some of these devices support Java ME and others support SIM Application Toolkit, a WAP browser, or only SMS.Initial interoperability issues however have been localized, with countries like India using portals like R-World to enable the limitations of low end java based phones, while focus on areas such as South Africa have defaulted to the USSD as a basis of communication achievable with any phone. The desire for interoperability is largely dependent on the banks themselves, where installed applications (Java based or native) provide better security, are easier to use and allow development of more complex capabilities similar to those of internet banking while SMS can provide the fundamentals but go bads difficult to operate with more complex transactions. There is a myth that there is a challenge of interoperability between mobile banking applications due to comprehend lack of greenness technology standards for mobile banking.In practice it is too early in the service lifecycle for interoperability to be turn to within an individual country, as very few countries have more than one mobile banking service provider. In practice, banking interfaces are well defined and money movements between banks follow the IS0-8583 standard. As mobile banking matures, money movements between service providers will naturally adopt the same standards as in the banking world. On January 2009, Mobile Marketing Association (MMA) Banking Sub-Committee, chaired by electric cell hope and VeriSign Inc. , published the Mobile Banking Overview for financial institutions in which it discussed the advantages and disadvantages of Mobile Channel Platforms such as Short Message Services (SMS), Mobile Web, Mobile node Applications, SMS with Mobile Web and Secure SMS. Sec uritySecurity of financial transactions, being executed from some remote location and transmission of financial information over the air, are the most complicated challenges that need to be addressed jointly by mobile application developers, wireless network service providers and the banks IT departments. The following aspects need to be addressed to offer a secure infrastructure for financial transaction over wireless network 1. Physical part of the hand-held device. If the bank is offering smart-card based security, the physical security of the device is more important. 2. Security of any thick-client application running on the device. In case the device is stolen, the hacker should require at least an ID/Password to access the application. 3. Authentication of the device with service provider before initiating a transaction. This would ensure that unauthorized devices are not connected to perform financial transactions. 4.User ID / Password authentication of banks customer. 5. En cryption of the data being transmitted over the air. 6. Encryption of the data that will be stored in device for later / off-line analysis by the customer. One-time password (OTPs) are the latest tool used by financial and banking service providers in the exhort against cyber fraud. Instead of relying on traditional memorized passwords, OTPs are requested by consumers each time they indigence to perform transactions using the online or mobile banking interface. When the request is received the password is sent to the consumers phone via SMS. The password is expired once it has been used or once its scheduled life-cycle has expired.Because of the concerns made explicit above, it is super important that SMS gateway providers can provide a decent quality of service for banks and financial institutions in regards to SMS services. Therefore, the provision of service level agreements (SLAs) is a requirement for this industry it is necessary to give the bank customer delivery guarantees of all messages, as well as measurements on the speed of delivery, throughput, etc. SLAs give the service parameters in which a messaging solution is guaranteed to perform. Scalability and reliability Another challenge for the CIOs and CTOs of the banks is to scale-up the mobile banking infrastructure to handle exponential growth of the customer base.With mobile banking, the customer may be sitting in any part of the world (true anytime, anywhere banking) and hence banks need to ensure that the systems are up and running in a true 24 x 7 fashion. As customers will find mobile banking more and more useful, their expectations from the solution will increase. Banks unable to tinge the performance and reliability expectations may lose customer confidence. There are systems such as Mobile Transaction Platform which allow quick and secure mobile enabling of various banking services. Recently in India there has been a phenomenal growth in the use of Mobile Banking applications, with lead ing banks adopting Mobile Transaction Platform and the Central Bank publishing guidelines for mobile banking operations. Application distributionDue to the nature of the connectivity between bank and its customers, it would be impractical to expect customers to regularly visit banks or connect to a web site for regular upgrade of their mobile banking application. It will be judge that the mobile application itself check the upgrades and updates and download necessary patches (so called Over the Air updates). However, there could be many issues to implement this approach such as upgrade / synchronization of other dependent components. Personalization It would be expected from the mobile application to support personalization such as * Preferred Language * Date / Time format * Amount format Default transactions * measurement Beneficiary list * Alerts Mobile banking in the world Mobile banking is used in many parts of the world with little or no infrastructure, in particular remote and rural areas. This aspect of mobile commerce is also popular in countries where most of their population is unbanked. In most of these places, banks can only be found in big cities, and customers have to travel hundreds of miles to the nearest bank. By 2012, it is estimated that there will be 1. 7 billion concourse with a mobile phone but not a bank account and as many as 364 million unbanked mickle could be reached by agent-networked banking through mobile phones.In Iran, banks such as Parsian, Tejarat, Mellat, Saderat, Sepah, Edbi, and Bankmelli offer the service. Banco Industrial provides the service in Guatemala. Citizens of Mexico can access mobile banking with Omnilife, Bancomer and MPower Venture. Kenyas Safaricom (part of the Vodafone Group) has the M-Pesa Service, which is mainly used to transfer limited amounts of money, but more and more used to pay utility bills as well. In 2009, Zain launched their own mobile money transfer business, known as ZAP, in Kenya and oth er African countries. In Somalia, the many telecom companies provide mobile banking, the most prominent being Hormuud Telecom and its ZAAD service.Telenor Pakistan has also launched a mobile banking solution, in coordination with Taameer Bank, to a lower place the label simplified Paisa, which was begun in Q4 2009. Eko India Financial Services, the business correspondent of State Bank of India (SBI) and ICICI Bank, provides bank accounts, deposit, withdrawal and remittance services, micro-insurance, and micro-finance facilities to its customers (nearly 80% of whom are migrants or the unbanked subdivision of the population) through mobile banking. In a year of 2010, mobile banking users soared over ampere-second percent in Kenya, China, Brazil and USA with 200 percent, 150 percent, 110 percent and 100 percent respectively. Mobile Banking in Bangladesh Starting Mobile banking is a new technology in Bangladesh which started from 31st March 2011.Dutch Bangla Bank Limited pioneered i n mobile banking services in Bangladesh. Most mess comprehend about it but not have a clear idea. According to my survey almost 94% people comprehend about mobile banking and 6% havent heard about mobile banking. Interest to use Many people heard about mobile banking. But they yet have not felt that they should use it as they are happy to use traditional banking system. Some people feel interest to use it. About 55% people feel they should use it and 45% people havent feel to use mobile banking according to the survey. Takes time by mobile banking than traditional banking Mobile banking is real time on-line banking.As it is on-line banking it takes less time than traditional banking. It will make access to banking and advanced payment, transactions at affordable cost People have not to wait by standing in a ample line which is happen in traditional banking system. But some people think it takes higher time and some people think it takes same time as traditional banking. Accordin g to the research only 5% people think it takes higher time, 34% people think it takes the same time and 61% people think it takes lower time than traditional banking system. Time saving Mobile banking is available anytime, anywhere throughout the country. So it can spare ones time. But all people not think the same.About 70% respondents think that mobile banking can save their time, where as 30% think it cannot save time. Cost It is convenient, affordable and it is much more effective in developing savings habits, it will make access to banking and advanced payment transactions at affordable cost. All people know that its cost is not higher than traditional banking. Around 56% respondents say its cost is lower, 20% say same and 24% say it is affordable than traditional banking. . A positive aspect of mobile phones is that mobile networks can reach remote areas at low cost. Trust worthy It is much safer and safeguard against fraudulent transactions. One can trust mobile banking as t raditional banking system.It has secured pin code which is known by the user, and also has a check digit without it no one can deposit money. But in Bangladesh traditional branch-based banking remains the most widely adopted method of conducting banking transaction. The poor often have greater familiarity and trust with mobile phone companies than white-tie banking institutions. Furthermore a mobile handset can easily be adapted to handle banking transactions. But it is not commonly known by all. From the survey it is found that 63% respondents think mobile banking is trust worthy and 37% respondents feel it is not trust worthy. Use It is much more effective in developing savings habits. Its using system is also easy. Anyone can use it.Poor people are often not considered viable customers by the formal financial sector as their transaction sizes are small, and many live in remote areas beyond the reach of banks branch networks. Informal banking services such as microfinance and vi llage savings and loan associations remain limited in their reach. So, mobile banking system develops to ask poor people into banking system. 83% respondents face or heard no hassle to use mobile banking. But 17% respondents heard or face problems to use it like-sometimes transaction do not reach at time, cannot operate it easily as traditional banking, not trust worthy. scene of mobile banking in BangladeshMobile Banking is a Banking process without bank branch which provides financial services to unbaked communities efficiently and at affordable cost. The aim of the service is to bring more people under the umbrella of banking service. Bangladesh Bank governor Dr Atiur Rahman inaugurated the service through -Journal of Arts, Science Commerce E-ISSN 2229-4686 ISSN 2231-4172 International Refereed Research Journal www.. research workersworlld.. com Vol. III, Issue 1,Jan. 2012 54 deposit and withdrawal of money from two banking outlets in the city. Government thinks it has a great prospect as it is a new technology in digital Bangladesh.But in Bangladesh many people think traditionally, because they cannot think it has any facility to use mobile banking. 69% people feel mobile banking has prospect in Bangladesh whereas 31% think it has no prospect in Bangladesh as many people will not feel interest or have belief on mobile banking. Suggestion to other to use the 55% feel interest to use mobile banking but most people do not compulsion to give suggestion to other to use it. As it is a new method of banking people havent 100% faith on it. So, people dont want to take any risk by giving suggestion to use it. 68% respondents say they do not want to give suggestion and 32% respondents say they want to give suggestion to use mobile banking. Make life easierMobile banking is real time on-line banking, available anytime, anywhere throughout the country, it is convenient, affordable and secure, it is much more effective in developing savings habits, it will m ake access to banking and advanced payment transactions at affordable cost, it is much safer, speedy and safeguard against fraudulent transactions. All of the characteristics of mobile banking make life easier. But 43% respondents feel it will not make life easier as it may not be trust worthy, but 57% respondents feel the facility which mobile banking give will make life easier. Security In mobile banking a confidential pin code is used by the user. PIN ensures security of money and protects fraudulent transactions. So mobile banking is fully secured. It also believed by 70% respondents, but about 30% respondents say it is not secured as they cannot fully trust on online banking than traditional banking system.Speedy process One benefit of mobile banking is a very speedy process. Transaction can be done anytime anywhere quickly in less time. So 100% people believe that it is a speedy process. Class of people Mobile banking started with the idea to bring the poor under the umbrella of banking sector curiously rural poor as there are not much bank facilities, also there savings is low so they feel shy to go to bank. But according to my survey 38% respondents feel upper class, 21% respondents feel middle class people can use mobile banking. But 41% respondents say mobile banking can be used by all class of people. Problems encounted in collecting dataThe researcher had to face the following problems in collecting data from the respondents i. Generally most of the respondents have not enough idea about mobile banking. So it was very difficult to collect actual data. Because the information of the respondents was supplied from their idea. ii. Most of the respondents were not fully use mobile banking which caused another problem to data collection to the researcher. iii. sometimes respondent could not answer to questions accurately and to the point. iv. The respondents were usually remaining busy with their work. So, the researcher had to visit some of them even a t the work place and researcher sometimes had to pay more time to meet the respondents. v.Most of the respondents did not feel comfortable to answer questions. So researcher had to pay more time to gain their confidence. The banks that provides mobile banking, sms banking in Bangladesh * Dutch-Bangla Bank Ltd. * BRAC Bank Ltd. * Premier Bank Ltd. * Bank Asia Ltd. * HSBC * Dhaka Bank Ltd. * Standard Chartered Bank Ltd. * Mutual Trust Bank Ltd. * Trust Bank Ltd. * One Bank Ltd. * EXIM Bank Ltd. * IFIC Bank Ltd. * First Security Bank Ltd. * City Bank Ltd. * Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. * Mercantile Bank Limited. Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) has for the first time introduced its mobile banking service, expanding the banking service from cities to remote areas.Bangladesh Bank Governor Atiur Rahman inaugurated the service in July, 2011 by depositing Tk 2,000 and withdrawing Tk 1,500 through Banglalink and Citycell mobile networks in Motijheel area. Bangladesh Bank has already allowed 1 0 banks to initiate mobile banking. Of them DBBL kicked off first. Mobile banking is an alternative to the traditional banking through which banking service can be reached at the doorsteps of the deprived section of the society, the central bank governor said at an inaugural press briefing at Hotel Purbani. Atiur Rahman said through mobile banking various banking services including depositing and withdrawing money, payment of utility bills and reaching remittance to the recipient would be possible.By going to the DBBL-approved Citycell and Banglalink agents throughout the country, the subscribers can open an account provided they show the necessary papers and pay a fee of Tk 10. To use the banking service, subscribers must own a cell phone from any provider. The bank gives subscribers a four-digit PIN. By using the PIN, subscribers can use a number of banking services, including depositing and withdrawing money, while maintaining account security. Customers may hand over cash to age nts in the banks network, and agents can coordinate the transaction from their mobile phones, helping account holders firm complete banking tasks using their PINs.Customers can deposit or withdraw money up to five times per day, up to Tk 5,000 per day. One percent of the transaction account or Tk 5, whichever is greater, will be deducted as a cash-in charge. The charge for cash-out is 2 percent of the transaction amount or Tk 10, whichever is greater. There are no fees for registration, profits or remittance disbursement services. Mobile Banking at BRAC Bank The service will enable millions of banked and unbanked people to deposit, withdraw and transfer money through mobile phones. bKash, a joint venture between BRAC Bank and US-based specie in Motion, will provide mobile banking with a fully encrypted VISA technology platform for transactions through mobile phones.Any mobile user can register and open up a bKash account and then do transactions through their mobile phones in eas y, convenient and reliable way. bKash will fundamentally change the way people now do transactions, as all transactions will be possible through mobile phones in future, said Syed Mahbubur Rahman, managing director of the bank. Customers will not need to come to the bank alternatively the bank will go to them, he said at a press conference in Dhaka on the occasion of its 10th founding anniversary. The bank said a bKash account will act as a digital mobile wallet and anybody can take the service. Your mobile phone will become your wallet.Customers can get financial services through phones, even by the handset that costs the lowest, Rahman said. Under a partnership with UNDP and Local Government Division, bKash is curl out mobile banking in 4,501 union parishads in the country. It has already signed a deal with a leading mobile operator and is in talks with others to enable all mobile users currently around 7. 5 crore to have individual digital wallets, said Mamdudur Rashid, deput y managing director of the bank. Recently some Bangladeshi banking companies and mobile network provider companies have launched mobile banking in Bangladesh. A new door of technology is opening in Bangladesh.Now people of Bangladesh can use their mobile phone as a bank account with balance transfer, payment, money upload and many more facilities at a low cost . I will give you some useful info about these services * BKash Limited is a joint venture between BRAC Bank Ltd. , Bangladesh, and Money in Motion LLC, USA. Ensuring access to a broader range of financial services for the people of Bangladesh is the ultimate objective of bKash. It has a special focus to serve the low income people of the country and promote sustainable micro-savings to achieve broader financial inclusion by providing financial services that are convenient, affordable and reliable. * bKash is working both as an extension of BRAC Bank and as a full-scale mobile phone-based payment switch.This will highly benefi t the country as 83% of the population lives under $2 a day and access to finance can help in improving their economic situation. Less than 15% of Bangladeshis are connected to the formal financial system whereas 44% of total populations are having mobile phones. Providing financial services using this mean can make the service more ready to hand(predicate) and cost effective for the vast population of Bangladesh. How to open an account 01. Go to any of your nearby bKash agent along with- a. Your mobile phone with active Robi number b. A copy of your Photo ID (National ID/Passport/Driving License/Other valid Photo ID) c. 2 copies of Passport size photographs 02. Upon successful registration you need to activate your wallet in following manner- Kash authorized agent will help you throughout the process and confirm registration. You will also receive a confirmation SMS in your mobile. Conclusion Some policy Implications, Mohammad Mizanur Raman,(www. ampublisher. com) Mobile Phone Ban king offers the potential to extend low cost virtual bank accounts to a large number of currently un-banked individuals worldwide. Change is being driven by falling costs of mobile phones including airtime, by competition and by the ability of electronic banking solutions to offer customers an enhanced range of services at a very low cost. Text-a-payment (TAP) builds upon the familiarity and comfort that people around the world have with sending text messages via their mobile phone.Instead of traveling to the bank to make their loan payment, clients can -Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce now text their loan payment directly to the bank saving them both travel time and money. This is also beneficial for the bank, since they can increase their outreach to rural areas while reducing their costs. (Catching the Technology Wave Mobile Phone Banking and Text-a-Payment in the Philippines, earth-closet Owens, Anna Bantug Herrera,www. bwtp. org) M-Banking technology has become one of the m ost familiar banking features throughout the world. Nowadays millions of inhabitants of Bangladesh are within a network through mobile network coverage.But in the commercial sectors like banking, m-Commerce technology has not been adopted broadly yet. In context of Bangladesh where almost 95% of geographical areas including Chittagong Hill tract region is under cellular coverage and having sufficiency in Internet infrastructure in remote regions, m-Banking via mobile phones can be the right choice for the promising banking sector. Considering m-Commerce and m-Banking sentiment in Bangladesh, a Push Pull services offering SMS (Short Messaging Service) based m-Banking system has been proposed which is able to provide several essential banking services only by sending SMS to bank server from any remote location. They are Broadcast, Scheduling, Event, and Enquiry and m- Commerce services.Fifteen push pull services underlying these categories are implement in this proposed system which are most desired to customers. The proposed system not only brings banking transaction in hands grip but also makes it easier, robust and flexible with highest security. Moreover, modified data failover algorithm handles unexpected SMS server failure with any congestion or service request loss. At last, subsequently evaluating each module of our proposed system a satisfactory accuracy rate 94. 95% has been obtained. Abstract The main objective of the study is to find out the problem and prospect of mobile banking in Bangladesh. For this research primary data were used. This study adopts with descriptive in nature.Total respondents were 120 within that 61 % respondents think it saves time than traditional banking, the highest number of respondents use mobile banking for Air-time top-up service, that is 21%, out of 120 respondents 56% replied it is less costlier than traditional banking, 100% respondents did agree that it is speedy, and 38% respondents are upper class. Although this concept is new in Bangladesh but its potentiality is high. From this research, other researchers and policy makers will get an insight about the problems and prospects of mobile banking in Bangladesh. Keywords Problem, prospect, Mobile banking. References * Dhaka Bank Ltd. , Banani branch. * Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd, Banani branch. * BRAC Bank Ltd, Banani branch. * www. thedailystar. net * Wikipedia * www. enterpriseinnovation. net * www. wikipedi www. marketresearch. com * www. bwtp. org * www. ampublisher. com * www. scribd. com/doc/54509127/28/MOBILE-BANKING-IN-BANGLADESH * www. researchersworld. com/vol3/Paper_05. pdf * bankinfobd. com/banks * www. dhakabankltd. com/ * www. bracbank. com/platinum_card. php * www. businessnewsbd. com/index. php? option=com_content&task=view&id=3619&Itemid=88 * www. dutchbanglabank. com/electronic_banking/PDF/MobileBankingBrochureEnglish. pdf Index WAP Wireless Application protocol SMS Short Message Service PDA Personal Digital Assistants ATM Au tomatic Teller Machine M-banking Mobile Banking Telco Telecommunication CompanyMobile BankingThe Future of Mobile Banking by Rob Berger in Banking * Photo BankSimple INTRODUCTION Communication is the exchange of information and feeling or ideas, which allow the majority of people to get the news of all sides. In addition, we are used the communication every day to let people know what we are doing or thought even feeling which people are received that by interpretive program, picture or chat. Moreover, communication technologies have made it simple to communicate to friends in the other side of the world by calling them using mobile phone, e-mailing them and writing in our web pages using social networks, such as Face book, peep or Messenger.Additionally, many other recourses are used by the majority of people to keep in touch with the world, which they can watch television or listen to the radio especially when they go to work. Therefore, communication technologies are conside red one of the most important elements in our lives and that is why this essay is going to define the advantages and disadvantages of communications technology in terms of our health, education and relationships. This essay will elucidate firstly, the advantages and disadvantages of communications technology in health.Secondly, the advantages and disadvantages in education. Thirdly, the advantages and disadvantages in relationships. Finally, what scope should people be bothered about our grandchildrens world if these technologies still run on to develops in the future? Mobile banking apps make banking and managing finances more convenient and less time consuming. They also reduce the need for working with loads upon loads of paper, like all those forms you need to fill out in brick-and-mortar banks.The most common activities performed by mobile banking app users include scanning and depositing checks, monitoring account balances and, for some, managing travel or hotel bookings. Many banks also offer online banking options for those who want an easier way to control their cash flow, pay their bills, and locate ATM stations. Some even allow person-to-person payments Mobile banking apps have actually been around for years. The first bank to ever offer their clients the convenience of doing banking-related activities on their mobile phones was Wells Fargo.Today, according to a research firm in Boston, more than 6,500 financial institutions in the US have developed mobile banking services for people who want to keep track of their finances on the go. Since more and more people rely on their smartphones (at least 70% of Americans who own smartphones use banking apps), app development is expected to increase even more. Developers will continue to come up with more innovative ideas for mobile banking. These apps will tardily change the course of regular banking. Just last January, a new kind of bank was introduced to the public.GoBank, created by prepaid reloader Gre en Dot, is a mobile banking app of a different kind. Unlike existing apps, GoBank is not connected to any brick-and-mortar bank. It is a stand alone app a mobile bank in the real sense impression of the word. In other words, if you want to make a deposit or check your account balance, you will need to open the app on your phone. GoBank is the answer to the appeal of people who are practically glued to their mobile phones even when walking down busy streets. It can perform all basic bank functions, like paying bills and depositing checks.This development is not surprising. Developers often try to outdo each other in producing an app or apps that can easily catch the consumers fancy especially consumers who use mobile banking every day of their lives. In the coming months and years, more apps like GoBank will be spotlighted in the market, and people will continue to want more. At this point, though, developers should also work on coming up with better security features for mobile b anking. Security is the main reason why a good number of smartphone users do not yet use mobile banking facilities on their device.So before anything else, this should be prioritized. Mobile Deposits Already available with many banks, users can deposit a check by taking a picture of it with their smartphone. Ive used the feature now with Capital One 360 and absolutely love it. Called mobile remote deposit capture (RDC), my daughter uses this feature to deposit her paychecks into her Money account with Capital One 260. And I use it to deposit the occasional checks we receive. Its a snap (pun intended). While not all banks offer this feature, yet, they will. Mobile Bill PayAs the person who pays all the bills in my family, this feature is really exciting. Imagine taking a paper bill you receive in the mail and paying it by taking a picture of it. Similar to RDC, Mobile Photo Bill Pay is on the way. U. S. Bank is already testing this functionality. Theres a hidden benefit to mobile bil l payit will make switching banks easier. Rather than having to re-enter all your payee information and automatic payments, you can just snap a picture of each of your bills. Security The security risks of mobile banking are minimal.Mobile banking apps do not work with third party programs, as they deal directly with you and the bank they are linked to. Your banking privacy is not compromised or shared with anyone else. In addition, banks also require their mobile clients to provide the right username and password before performing any kind of transaction. Since apps are becoming more and more complicated and technologically advanced, however, security measures will need to keep pace. Leading the example is Wells Fargo, which is already working on using voice and speech recognition for carrying out banking transactions.This is an interesting development because it offers not only convenience, but also added security. Smartphone as Your Wallet Eventually, well pull out our Smartphone to pay for things rather than our wallet. This is already a reality to a limited extent. Individual retailers like Starbucks offer apps that allow you to pay for products. And Google Wallet has made some progress. But overall we are still a long way from cutting up our cash and plastic. Rob Berger. The Future of Mobile Banking. March 10, 2013.

National Airspace System

MGMT 203 Management for Aeronautical Science Managers Perspective Paper The National Airspace administration (NAS) March 16, 2013 Prepared for Dr. Daniel Nation Lecturer Prepared by Ong Wei Jian Lionel Introduction In this report, we lead be looking at the National Airspace remains (NAS). We will be taking an in depth look at the overview and the infrastructure of the NAS, discuss about the FAA Next Generation Air Transportation trunk (NextGen), and also examine the future needs of the National Airspace System.Overview of the NAS The National Airspace System is defined as a complex combination of systems, procedures, facilities, aircraft, and force out which work together as one system to ensure secure and efficient air travel in the United States. The NAS consists of several components, and these include NAS practicable Facilities (unstaffed) Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) Air Traffic Control Towers (ATCT) Ground Radios and Radar Systems Airports Aircrafts ( commercial, private, and military) Airline Personnel (operating, maintaining, and modernizing the system) Passengers (commercial and military) Infrastructure of the NAS The NAS helps to maintain a safe and efficient flight over the US airspace by allowing all control towers, control centers, radios, radars, and many airports to be interconnected to one a nonher to take a NAS operational communications network. This NAS communications network helps pilots to communicate with air traffic controllers and airline operation centers to ensure a safe flight as they travel over the airspace.There are a three systems that make up the NAS, and these include the Digital Airport Surveillance Radar (DASR) System, the Voice Communication reverse System (VCSS), and the Department of Defense (DoD) Advanced Automation System, or DAAS for petty. The DASR System is a traffic air control radar system that helps to detect aircraft piazza and wear conditions in the vicinity of civilian and military airfields. It consists of two main electronic subsystems the primary surveillance radar and the secondary surveillance radar, which make hire of electromagnetic waves reflected off aircraft to monitor their positions.The VCSS is the communications system used to manage the voice communications of any Air Traffic Control (ATC) facility. The VCSS must be able to support all analog and digital communications between the DoD, the ATC facilities, and the pilots. The DAAS is a system that is used to retrieve and process radar data, flight plans, and weather / airport environmental data to support DoD ATC services. The system transmits part or all of this processed data to a display or workstation (within geographic proximity) for air traffic controllers to access in pose for them to control and monitor the activities in the airspace.FAA NextGen Air Transportation System The NextGen program is an initiative developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to help improve the effic iency, convenience and dependability of the NAS. The NextGen modernization of the U. S. air traffic system seeks to increase the efficiency of the NAS through technical advancements and as well as improved approaches and procedures. The NextGen program plans to make use of satellite navigation, which will allow pilots to know the precise locations of other airplanes around them and invoke the overall safety of air travel.Airports are now already benefitting from the NextGen program. These new capabilities include the national rollout of a network of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) ground transceivers. These transceivers will receive GPS position reports from aircraft equipped with ADS-B Out (an upgrade required by 2020 for aircraft flying in most controlled airspace) and by 2013, these transceivers will be installed to provide comprehensive coverage. Air traffic data such as Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B) and Flight Information Service-Broadcast ( FIS-B) will be transmitted by the ADS-B transceivers.The FAA also time-tested a newly automated Collaborative Departure Queue Management (CDQM) system that aims to help airports improve departure management. The FAA is also putting in taper tools that will enable airport operators, airlines, and other NAS users better access to shared surface surveillance data, which is vital for safe and efficient airport operations. The Future of necessity of the NAS The current features of the NAS unfortunately, are not sufficient to guarantee efficient or uninterrupted operation in the future.The greater interconnectivity of systems brought about by the NextGen program marrow that the cyber risks to the NAS are also increased. The future cyber security needs of the NAS require a change in both the NAS infrastructure and safety culture in order to be effective against increased the potential cyber risks that will follow. meliorate cyber security requires changes to the present NAS safety prov isions. More safety reviews for continual monitoring is needed. Actions and responsibilities of each and both NAS staff now have to be carefully scrutinized and taken into consideration.Responsibilities of system administrators and network operators have to be expanded, from maintaining the performance of the system to detecting intrusive actions. Improved cyber security also requires changes to the current NAS infrastructure. Data provided by external partners and actions requested by external partners have to be made sure that they are not malicious in intent. The existing cyber security architecture also has to be modified and upgraded accordingly to counteract the changing cyber threats, all in a short timeframe whilst not compromising on the operations of the NAS during these infrastructure changes and modifications.References NextGen for Airports. Retrieved March 15, 2013 from the Federal Aviation Administration website http//www. faa. gov/nextgen/qanda/airports/ What is Ne xtGen? Retrieved March 15, 2013 from the Federal Aviation Administration website http//www. faa. gov/nextgen/slides/? slide=1 Houston, Sarina (n. d. ). The National Airspace System Explained. Retrieved March 15, 2013 from website http//aviation. about. com/od/Air-Traffic-Control/a/The-National-Airspace-System-Explained. htm Wadas, Burt (n. d. ). National Airspace System (NAS) Overview. Retrieved March 16, 2013 from Armed Forces Communication and Electronics Association (AFCEA) website http//www. afceaboston. com/documents/events/cnsatm2011/Briefs/01-Monday/07-Wadas-HBAG%20NationalAirspaceSystemOverview. pdf Williams, crowd H. (February 2011). National Airspace System Security Cyber Architecture. Retrieved March 16, 2013 from The Mitre Corporation website http//www. mitre. org/work/tech_papers/2011/10_4169/10_4169. pdf

Do Prisons Work Essay

This training will examine the effectiveness of current prison house intercession computer programs in Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia, United States of America in rehabilitating or reforming an singular and coinciding recidivism rate upon a pris acers release. Prison found treat workforcet programs for sex offenders in westbound Australia, New South Wales and New Zealand argon examined and recidivism order comp bed. Treatment programs for offenders with medicate and alcohol issues and the various strategies within the turn justice system such as diversion, education and drug court programs are examined and differences explained.Rehabilitation programs such as education, life skills, employment and cognitive behavioural treatment are explained and query discussed. Conclusions will be drawn outlining programs with the highest level of recidivism both in Hesperian Australia and globally. The nothing works mantra (Martinson) 1974, is seen to be refuted and treatment is seen to be successful when it is matched to the criminogenic involve of the offender (MacKenzie, 2006).Future recommendations are made in regards to the need for correctional staff to assess each offender as an somebody with opposite needs, and to therefore implement programs that will give the offender the best change of reform or rehabilitation (MacKenzie, 2006). There are many an(prenominal) treatment and rehabilitation programs currently used in corrections around the world aimed at reducing recidivism (MacKenzie, 2006). A heuristic approach classifies various strategies into incarceration, treatment programs and rehabilitation (McKenzie, 2006).These interventions represent different strategies for controlling crime in the community, and assimilate some theoretical rationale for expecting a reduction in crime, despite creation different in the mechanism anticipated to produce the reduction (MacKenzie, 2006). Incarceration deprives the prisoner of opportunities to commit crime, usually through detention in prison or in some states capital punishment (McKenzie, 2006). Rehabilitation is based on the premise that people can change, and if assessment is to contribute to rehabilitation it must be resourceful of measuring change (MacKenzie, 2006).The Static 99 risk assessment measure is an International Tool that is currently used to assess recidivism levels of sex offenders (Hoy & Bright, 2008). Rehabilitation orientated treatment programs include education, cognitive skills and employment (MacKenzie, 2006). Correctional educational programs are seen to have optimistic results in utterering levels of recidivism in prisoners (Stevens & Ward, 2007). Kaki Bukit Prison take aim based in Singapore is seen to be successful in reducing recidivism by aiming to creative a learning environment based on diaphysis Senges book The Fifth Discipline (Senge, 1990).Part of the discipline involves inmates engaging in the The Reflective Thinking Process (Oh, 2007), a n education programme which aims to assist prisoners in reflecting on past destructive behaviour and to encourage appropriate restitution. The school is supported by a multidisciplinary team of teachers, prison officers and counsellors who work together to divine service students in their studies and in their journey of change to become responsible, thinking citizens (Tam, 2007). For inmates who completed their studies at Kubit Bukit Centre and were released in 2000 and 2001, the 2 year recidivism rate was 24% (Oh, 2007).Acacia, Western Australias only private run prison, is operated by Serco and aims to bring service to life (Needham, 2009). Storybook Dads is an example of this and aims to rehabilitate prisoners, break the cycle of reoffending and close the gap amongst a child and his father (Needham, 2009). The program opens up a broad range of educational opportunities ranging from writing their own stories to learning how to use a reckoner (Needham, 2009). The main objective of the program is to empower fathers and for children to feel loved, which then improves the exits of the prisoners children (Needham, 2009).Prisoners are given the opportunity to record their childs favourite bedtime story on a CD with sound effects, personal message and CD cover (Needham, 2009). Current research indicates that fathers who have been imprisoned tend to bury from life outside the prison and subsequently lose contact completely with their children (Needham, 2009). Statistics show that six out of ten children whose father is a current or ex- prisoner become involved in criminal activities and consequently find themselves in corresponding situations to their fathers in prison (Needham, 2009).The Storybook Dads program runs in eighty prisons in the United Kingdom and maintains family connections and reduces reoffending (Needham, 2009). The National Fatherhood Initiative runs a similar programme called the Incarcerated Fathers class which operate at Branchville Corre ctional Centre in Indiana (Gosnell, 2006). It is similar to Storybook Dads programme in helping prisoners reunite with their children and families (Gosnell, 2006).One study monitored 186 men for three years after release from prison with only five returning (Gosnell, 2006). Three men returned for small offences whilst two came back on a long term basis indicating low levels of recidivism, when in comparing seventy percent of men released from prison normally return within an average of one to three years (Gosnell, 2006). Prison based treatment programs offered in Western Australia for sex offenders are the Sex Offender Program, Indigenous Sex Offender and intellectually Disabled Offender (Macgregor, 2008).Community based maintenance programs are offered for each type of offender, the current program for disabled people universe the Safe wangle Program (Macgregor, 2008). In Australia, most treatment programs for sex offenders are based on cognitive behavioural therapy aimed to tar get the criminogenic needs or risk factors of offenders (Macgregor, 2008). If these needs are commuteed the chances of changing the criminal behaviour are higher in the range of 10-30% (Blud, 1999). The programs are seen to be effective in that they work to alter many of the cognitive deficits displayed by offenders (Blud, 1999).They target the known risk factors for inner reoffending which are cognitive distortions, empathy deficits and wide ranging self regulation (Hoy & Bright, 2008). A Western Australia study in 2002 measured recidivism rates of 2165 sex offenders referred to the treatment unit from 1987 to 1999 (Greenberg, 2002). The study compared treated offenders with non-treated offenders, with no significant findings on effects of treatment on sexual recidivism (Greenberg, 2002).Systematic differences between the non-treated and treated group in the Western Australian study, such as indigenous status, risk category, and length of sentence may have impaired comparisons of groups (Lievore, 2004). Inconsistencies across the data, methodological limits may have limited the study from being able to identify less significant treatment outcomes, and to identify sources (Greenberg, 2002). At present a prison based treatment program designed for adult sex offenders is offered in every Territory and State Australia, despite many having yet to be evaluated (Macgregor, 2008).An evaluation conducted in New South Wales on the Custody Based Intensive Treatment program for high risk offenders (Hoy & Bright, 2008) compared recidivism rates of 117 treated offenders with those predicted by the STATIC 99 risk assessment measure, an internationally used tool that assesses the recidivism risk of sex offenders (Hoy & Bright, 2008). STATIC 99 risk probabilities are based on a sizable sample of sex offenders in the United Kingdom and Canada (Hanson & Thornton, 2000). The study found that 8. 5% of sex offenders treated at the Custody Based Intensive Treatment programs comm itted further sexual offences in 3. 5 years, compared with a predicted sexual recidivism of 26% (Hoy & Bright, 2008).An evaluation was conducted on the Te Piriti Special Treatment Program for child sex offenders in New Zealand (Nathan, Wilson & Hillman, 2003). Te Piriti incorporates cognitive behavioural therapy methods in combination with Tikanga Maori, holistic practices derived from world enamor and a desire to understand the universe (Nathan, 2008). This study compared recidivism rates of Te Piriti graduates with a control group used in the Kia Marama study (Nathan, 2008). In comparison with the non-treated groups sexual recidivism rate of 21%, a small 5. 7% of offenders who completed the programme at Te Piriti reoffended sexually (Nathan, 2008).Maori sexual offenders were to a fault found to have a positive response to the program (Nathan, 2008). Only 4. 41% of Maori offenders reoffended sexually after receiving treatment at Te Piriti (Nathan) 2003 compared with 13. 58% of Mao ri Kia Marama graduates (New Zealand Corrections, 2003). These results are supportive of the argument that programs are more effective in reducing sexual recidivism when the design and implementation are attuned to the heathen background of the offenders (Macgregor, 2008).Currently, there are various strategies within the criminal justice system that respond to offenders with drug and alcohol issues (Makkai & Payne, 2003). At one end of the spectrum is the diversion by police of world-class offenders or low level offenders into education or treatment programs (Makkai & Payne, 2003). At the other end, is the diversion of repeat drug dependent offenders facing imprisonment into intensive drug court programs (Makkai & Payne, 2003). Drug courts aim to divert both men and women offenders (Freeman, Karski & Doak, 2000).The elements of the New South Wales drug court program are treatment well-disposed support and the development of living skills regular reports to the court and regular urine testing (Freeman et al. , 2000). During the twelve month program, deviateicipants are expected to stabilise their lives by not using drugs to address health issues, and to cease criminal activity (Freeman et al. ,). Ideally, they consolidate their situation and develop life and job skills, and financially reintegrate fully, becoming financially independent (Freeman et al. ,).Analysis of the data indicates a high success rate, with only thirteen percent of the participants having committed an offence on completion of the program, indicating a low level of recidivism (Freeman et al. ,). A promising approach to combating illicit drug use has been implemented at the Metropolitan Womens Correctional Centre in capital of Seychelles (Peachy, 1999). Carniche program includes core courses in drug awareness, drug education and Alcoholics anonymous, which provides a group therapy environment and a twelve step program based on abstinence and group support (Peachy, 1999).The program runs for three to four months, after which the prisoners are reintegrated into the mainstream prison population (Peachy, 1999). The program involves a maximum of ten prisoners who live in a residential unit separate from the main prison population who participate in intensive drug group and individual direction (Peachy, 2000). The program has not been evaluated for its effect on offender recidivism and its success may depend on the support available to prisoners upon release (Peachy, 2000).A new program for women offenders, titled Reconnections, completed its vaporize phase at Bandyup Womens prison in September 2009 (Porter, 2009). The program was based on therapeutic interventions to assist women in looking at past trauma and debase in addressing their offending behaviour (Porter, 2009). Although the program was scheduled to commence in early 2010, funding problems prevented the set-back of the program (Porter, 2009). Despite the program failing to commence prison doors at Bandyup c ontinue to open to volunteers and visitors, a move imprisoned women value (Department of Corrective Services, 2005).The Western Australian Department of Justice allows over 3,000 volunteers who provide support for victims of crime, prisoners and juvenile detainees (Department of Corrective Services, 2005). Western Australias drug rehabilitation is seen to be a part of the whole sentencing process both in prison and the community for a prisoners release on parole (Cox, 2007). There is a continuum drug users who go through the Perth Drug Courts treatment programs are less likely to reoffend than those sent to prison (Cox, 2007).Recidivism rates for offenders using the courts drug treatment programs were 17 percent lower than those for offenders sent to prison (Cox, 2007). The study assessed 250 drug users, dealt with the Drug Court who were charged with offences such as burglary, stealing or fraud between 2000 and 2003 (Cox, 2007). In comparison to Western Australia one in every 100 adults is locked up in America and there penitentiary corrections system do not follow a Western approach, incorporating resources such as Drug Courts to help prevent re-offending (McClatchy, 2008).Kansas has been seen to rethink incarceration policies, with a focus on reserving prison for the worst criminals who pose a real danger to society (McClatchy, 2008). Kansas only drug court, in Lyon County, has slashed offender rearrest rates almost by half. (McClatchy, 2008). In California, a study found that in a two-year period, drug courts cost $14 million but salvage tax-payers more than $43 million over the costs of sending offenders to prison (McCatchy,2008).Kansas Department of Corrections has had success with a new parole re-entry program, including a pilot project in Wichita that gives parolees more support and helps them to keep on the straight and narrow (McClatchy, 2008). Corrections Secretary Roger Werholtz has seen the new philosophy dramatically cut re-offender rates stat e-wide and reduced recidivism (McCatchy, 2008). Spectrum Addiction Services offers residential treatment, outpatient, detox and domestic violence service for substance abusers and Correctional Recovery Academies in Massachusetts, Georgia and Rhode Island (Astell, 1995).The treatment system supported by Spectrum is based on behaviour and based on self-esteem, participants feelings, and self-revelation much as the 12 step program of Alcoholics Anonymous (Astell, 1995). Spectrum views the way to fight recidivism is behavioural, teaching people the skills to stay straight (Astell, 1995). A situational approach to drug abuse may be another avenue to seek when examining the Vietnam War (Astell, 1995). Many American soldiers who were involved with heroin use in South East Asia did not bring the habit home, indicating that some drug abuse is situational (Astell, 1995).In the mid 1970s a pessimistic assessment of rehabilitation programs by Robert Martinson asserted that nothing works in cor rectional treatment (Cullen & Gendreau, 2000). til now recent reassessment using methods of meta-analysis has found that offender treatment programs do reduce problem behaviour (Cullen & Gendreau, 2000). Effective programs are those which recognise the importance of individual differences and the measurement of these factors when assessing what programs and interventions would be most capable for each offender (Harland, 1996).Privatisation of prisons is seen to be a positive solution to improving treatment programs and reducing associated recidivism in development more of a restorative framework to treatment programs (Corporate Responsibility, 2007). This involves emphasising the importance of good relationships between prisoners and staff, the need to recognise the impact of cultural differences when implementing programmes and matching an officer of suitable culture and temperament to best assist the needs of the prisoner (Corporate Responsibility, 2007).Further study is indica ted as being required for WA Sex Offenders with little research being available for this group of offenders when compared to other states in WA (Cullen & Gendreau, 2000). Systematic differences between the non-treated and treated group in the Western Australian study, such as indigenous status, risk category, and length of sentence may have impaired comparisons of groups (Lievore, 2004). Inconsistencies across the data, methodological limits may have also limited the study from being able to identify less significant treatment outcomes, and to identify sources (Greenberg , 2002).A recommendation for improved research design is suggested in the implementation of a similar tool as the Static 99 in Australia which is currently only available internationally in measuring sexual recidivism (Mackenzie, 2006). Another finding from reviews of the studies is the large difference of amount of research completed for drug-offenders in comparison with other offenders, such as women prisoners and sex offenders which is currently limited (MacKenzie, 2006).Given the current advert about the increasing amount of drug offenders entering the correction system it is apparent as to why there is uch a large number of evaluations of programs being completed for these offenders (MacKenzie, 2006). Although the role for corrections appears to be a current challenge, it is hoped that with further research, funding , availability of treatment programmes and education of prison officers in addressing individual and cultural differences, that the offender be given the greatest chance for rehabilitation, reform and consequently a life of freedom outside the prison bars (MacKenzie, 2006).

Benefits of a Healthy Workforce Essay

Organisational health programmes argon essential to the survival of companies. Undoubtedly, a well-grounded treatforce would persist wonders for any business by reducing absenteeism and turnover, and increasing employee motivation, productivity and revenues. Lowe (2004) writes that hundreds of studies have already documented the direct as well as indirect advantages of estimable work environments to employees in addition to their organisations (p. 7). Indeed, healthy workplaces as well as jobs contribute to the well-being of employees.These benefits may be realized by the whole organisation with lower absenteeism, lower turnover, higher job satisfaction, improved performance on the job, lower rates of accident, in addition to trim down health benefit and worker compensation costs (Lowe, p. 7). Moreover, research has revealed that the great(p)st gains in productivity may be realized by the organisation that changes the entire work environment to make it healthier for all empl oyees (Lowe).Research has too revealed that the impact of poor health is keenly felt in the work environment, so and then managers require an improved understanding of the dangers of allowing minor symptoms to escalate. Four in ten managers who participated in a recently conducted survey related to workplace health complained that they a lot become angry with others and feel humorless due to pressure. More than fifty percent of the managers complained of physical pain, at the same time as forty quaternary percent reported experiencing frequent headaches.Moreover, fifty five percent complained of constant tiredness, fifty seven percent complained of insomnia, while twenty percent simply utter that they found it difficult to make decisions because of ill health (Poor wellness 2006). Unsurprisingly, these results demand organisations to put effective health programmes in place for all employees. Sick employees are not likely to be highly productive in any case. In the United State s, businesses are known to spend at least U. S. $450 one thousand thousand every year on direct health care. Poor health costs around U. S. $225.8 billion to American businesses each year through absenteeism as well as productivity losses that are related to the health problems of employees and their families. Hence, insurers as well as employers have started to create a large number of health promotion and prevention programmes that have already started to pay handsome dividends. According to a study, American employers may reap the average of U. S. $3. 48 in reduced health care costs and U. S. $5. 82 in lower absenteeism costs for every dollar invested in employee wellness (Toomey 2006, p. 13). Of course, these benefits can be realized anywhere in the world.In the United Kingdom, three quarters of a million workers are known to take time off work each year due to work-related illnesses (Firman 2006). These illnesses are further known to cost businesses as much as ten percent o f their total payroll costs. Indeed, by promoting health in the workplace and preventing illnesses through effective health programmes in the organisation, absenteeism and costs related to the same may be drastically lowered. The money that is deliver thus may be used by the organisation to update its equipment on marketing as well for the provision of training to employees.Organisations may also be able to increase the number of employees with the cost savings realized through effective health programmes (Jim 2006). Indeed, the benefits of health management programmes in the organisation are aplenty. wellnessy employees add value to the organisation. The care shown by employers can boost the morale of the workers. The entire organisation benefits from this, as it becomes more efficient with a healthy and therefore productive workforce. REFERENCES Firman, C. 16. 11. 2006 Health Matters. Motor Transport open at EBSCO Host database. Jim, N. 9. 6.2006 Health and Safety Assessments C ut Costs and Boost Productivity. Electronics Weekly 2256 available at EBSCO Host database. Lowe, G. S. 2004 Healthy Workplace Strategies Creating Change and Achieving Results. The Graham Lowe Group available at http//www. grahamlowe. ca/documents/93/Hlthy%20wkpl%20strategies%20report. pdf. Poor Health 2006 Poor Health Leads to a Humorless, Angrier Workforce article in Occupational Health (Jun 2006), 58(6) available at EBSCO Host database. Toomey, D. 18. 12. 2006 Wellness and Prevention Programs Generate Healthy Outcomes. Executive Health & Wellness Guide available at EBSCO Host database.

Recommendation for the Location for Maigue-Pascua’s RTW’s Expansion Essay

IntroductionThis document is to suggest the appropriate property to hold the expansion of Maigue-Pascuas RTW. aft(prenominal) their second bi- periodical meeting for this year, owners decided to pursue the building of a new branch to cater the needs of their growing number of customers. Other preparations, such as the budget allocation and manpower, are already taken care of except for the location. This recommendation report proposes several spots that would suffice the needs of the company.BackgroundMaigue-Pascuas RTW has been established since 2009 owned by Ms Jinky Maigue and Mr James Pascua. It offers fair-priced yet high-quality and trendsetting garments thats suitable for their target demographic students/teenagers. Due to the increasing demands for their products, the business partners choose to have a business expansion and to make a new image of being a top-line clothing store. Financial and foodstuffing strategies are already made for this project but their main probl em is the location. They currently have one branch, which is conveniently put in the heart of the market. Now, they are looking for a place wherein they could offer the same convenience and is also low-priced. The partners also want to venture on broadening their market scope.Options/Proposals A faint on a mini-bazaar outside a high-end village. Located on its right side is an early(a) clothing shop and on the left are a few more than vacant stalls. It costs P60000 per month. A P72000-worth of monthly rent for a stand between a bank and a drugstore near a habitual market. An establishment on lease for P61000 on an upscale shopping nerve center. It is placed near a coffee shop/bookstore and in front of the midriffs leisure park. A kiosk beside a food stall built on a public park. Its monthly rent is P50000.The expanses of all the proposed locations are all approved by the business partners.Criteria/RequirementsThe location should be customer-friendly, convenient, marketable, an d reasonably-priced and should offer a wider market scope. Other matters, such as the expanse and the interior, were already taken into consideration on the first phase of planning. The aforementioned considerations should be followed in deciding for the location of the companys expansion.ComparisonsThe points of comparisons are the following ambience, competitions, price and demographics.Ambiance.The stall is favourable to the residents of the nearby village due to its close proximity but the atmosphere of the mini-bazaar is not fitting to the new image that the company wishes to build. The stand, on the other hand, is misplaced. The location is not suitable for an apparel store. Consequently, the air in the establishment portrays the exact change that the owners want for their business. And lastly, the kiosk sets a good mood for it is placed on a recreational area.Competitions.All of them dont have a nearby shop that offers the same product except for the stall.Price.The prices of the four locations grade from P50000-P72000. The kiosk is the cheapest and the stand is the most expensive.Demographics.The stand and the kiosk dont meet the entitys customer target because their locations are too public magic spell the establishment and the stall are in line with their goal of widening their scope from the student/teenager to the upperclassmen. The latter are more likely to lead in the desired customer due to its location.ConclusionBased on the comparisons aforementioned, these conclusions were drawn 1. The most suitable ambience is from the establishment on the shopping centre. 2. The monthly rent of the kiosk is the lowest.3. The stalls location is more likely to have competition. 4. Theestablishment and the stall best suit the new target market of the entity. 5. The establishment gives off a good atmosphere, is reasonably-priced, has less competition and matches the new demographic of the entity.RecommendationMaigue-Pascua RTW should consider using the estab lishment on the shopping centre for several reasons. First, it is in sync with the new image that the entity wanted to build up. Second, it is relatively cheap for a store in a fancy centre. Third, it would attend in bringing in a new demographic in the entitys customer.Having a branch in a shopping centre is quite a huge risk but with the projected sales of the company and future influx of customers, the company will pick up in the recollective run.